Nursing as a Profession

Nursing as a Profession The Purpose of this paper is to discuss whether nursing is a profession based on Pavalko’s eight dimensions describing a profession. Firstly, we must understand the definition of a profession before one can accurately judge the validation of the nursing profession. According to Webster dictionary, the definition of a profession is â€Å"a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long academic preparation† (Webster dictionary, 2008).The nursing profession is one that needs specialized knowledge and training. It also applies to an occupation that requires formal education or qualification. The nursing field includes a set of skills that combines flexibility, creativity, knowledge and communication that are learnt in a formal setting. As we analyze Pavalko’s eight dimensions describing a profession, we will incorporate it into the nursing profession to justify or disprove if nursing is truly a profession. A profession has relevance t o social values.The nursing profession is rooted in its ability to serve all people with their acquired skills. The nursing profession has the power to make a huge difference in today’s health care system. They advocate for the individuals and focuses not only on the treatment component of an individual, but also on prevention and health promotion. They also seek for the protecting of human and legal rights and the securing of adequate care based on the notion that the patient has the right to make informed decisions about their health.According to nursing standards (2010) â€Å"people value nurses but do not understand how complex the profession has become and how key nurses are to the health care. Nurses are devoted to patient care and community involvement as a whole. The nursing profession provides various activities in the community as a whole such as volunteering for health – related activities such as screening, blood drives and educational programs. They serve as role models for health practices and healthy lifestyles. With these given attributes I believe the nursing rofession has relevance to social values. A profession has a training or educational period. There are various education preparations for the nursing practice and it various based on the location, length of time, course work, clinical component, advance educational opportunities, and competencies on graduation. The three main type of educational programs that lead to licensure as an RN includes the diploma, associate degree, and baccalaureate programs. The diploma requires a basic nursing education in a 3-year, hospital based diploma school of nursing.The Associate degree nursing (ADN), based on a research project carried out by Dr Mildred Montag in the 1950s, at the time there was a shortage of nurses, and the project was created to meet the needs of society by preparing nurses in less time than was required in diploma program (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lynn, 2008). The B achelor of Science in nursing (BSN) is geared towards building on a general educational base, with concentration on nursing at the upper level. All graduates of these programs are mandated to take an NCLEX-RN examination set by the board of nursing.It is much different from nursing school exams which are knowledge based. The NCLEX-RN exams are application based which test one’s ability to be able to think critically as to make nursing judgments. The nursing profession incorporates specialized skill and application of knowledge based on theory and clinical practice components. It is also an evidence based practice based on research and not just intuition. Given these criteria, I believe the nursing field qualifies as a profession because of the training and educational period.Elements of self-motivation address the way in which the profession serves the patient or family and larger social system. The American Nurses Association (ANA) has been involved in advocating for health care reforms for many years, in order to guarantee high-quality health care for all. Today, with the increase cost of health care, under insured and uninsured individual there has been disparities in the quality and health care for individuals. The ANA saw the efforts of many registered nurses come to fruition, culminating in President Obama’s signing of H.R. 4872, â€Å"The Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act of 2010† (McNamara, 2010). This reform allows for greater protection against losing and denial of health care coverage, and it also allows for better access to primary care, wellness and prevention programs which will keep the patient healthier. This reform serves as a significant victory for the patient that the nursing profession serves. The ANA continues to be an advocate for building an affordable health care system that meets the needs of everyone (McNamara, 2010).In world where nurses are under pressure to deliver production-line care , it expresses the value of the â€Å"soft† aspect of caring that affect wellbeing (Wright, 2009). This attribute proves that the nursing profession is a profession that serves the patient and the larger social system. A profession has a code of ethics. Professional ethics and codes of ethics are the primary means for expressing the values and regulating the conduct of professionals in relation to their clients (Liaschenko, Peter, 2004). The ANA house of delegate adopted and first published the nursing code of ethics in the 1950’s.It has then been altered and revised to meet the changes in the profession and in society. The â€Å"Code† is the foundation upon which registered nurses provide care, it provides a framework for decision-making and basically guides the action of the registered nurse (Rafferty, 2010). It is a non-negotiable ethical standard that expresses the nurse’s own understanding of commitment to the society. The nursing profession qualifie s as a profession because it has a code of standard that guides its existence. A professional has a commitment to a lifelong work.The term nursing is derived from the word nurse, which means one that nourishes, foster, protect the sick, injured and restore health. The nursing profession is considered a career and not a job which involves commitment, promotes growth and increases various levels of responsibilities. The profession provides gratification for the individual’s personal accomplishment rather than entirely from a paycheck. The nursing profession has four main aims that define it. They aim to promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death.The nurses can successfully achieve these aims through acquired knowledge, skills and critical thinking in order to give care in a variety of traditional and expanding nursing roles (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lynn, 2008). The nursing profession is a profession that has a commitment t o a lifelong work. Members control their profession. The nursing profession is autonomous as the nursing board in each state has set up rules and guidelines that nurses are required to adhere strictly (Orem, 2008). There are numerous professional organization that set standards for the nursing practice and education.These entities are set up to help maintain the code of ethics that guides the nursing profession. The registered nurses work under professional and legislative control. The state board of each state set practice act for the registered nurse. These organizations helps to maintain the code of ethics, promote the registered nurse profession to the public, advocate for both the patient and other members of the organization and help to set a standard of practice for the profession. It also serves as a platform where one’s voice can be heard.Organizations such as the American Nurses Association (ANA), The American Association of Critical-care nurses (AACN), The National League for Nursing (NLN), The National Student Nurse’s Association (NSNA) and the National Black Nurses Association (NBNA ) are just a few of the professional organization that plays a significant role in empowering nurses in the nursing profession and also helping to facilitate network. They educate its members to incorporate client interaction, personal interaction with the public, public speaking and community activities and participation in political activities to be effective in the field of nursing.Overall, I believe the nursing profession qualifies as a profession because it has members that control the profession. A Profession has theoretical framework on which professional practice is based. The nursing field has always been evidence based. The first nursing theory was born in the 1950’s. In 1952, Dr. Hildegard Peplau published a nursing model that described the importance of the â€Å"therapeutic relationship† in health and wellness (Zerwekh and Clabo rn, 2009). Thereafter, other nursing theorist such as Martha Rogers, Dorothy Johnson, Nola Pender, Lydia hall, sister Callista Roy, Dorothea Orem, and BettyNeuman have contributed to theory based nursing. The Theory-based nursing is geared towards a common goal with the ultimate outcome resulting in improved patient care. It provides rational and knowledgeable reasons for nursing actions, based on organized written description of what nursing is and what nurses do (Taylor, Lillis, Lemone and Lynn, 2008). Members of a profession have a common identity and a distinctive subculture. In the past, nurses have been identified by the white gown, shoe, cap and pin. They were identified mostly by how they look instead of what they did.The modern-day trend emphasizes that it is not what is worn but what is done that reflects one’s role in the nursing profession (Zerwekh and Claborn, 2009). The nursing profession has a distinctive subculture that is identifiable. These include affiliati on with alumni association, student nurses association, and nursing honor societies or clubs. Involvements in such organization provides for social interaction and networking in later years. The BSN nurse plays a variety of roles in relation to patient care such as being a caregiver, teacher, advocate, manager, colleague and expert.The role of the caregiver is the primary role of a nurse which includes promoting wellness through activities that prevent illness, restore health, function as a nurturer, comforter and provider, provide direct, promote comfort of client and showing concern for client welfare and acceptance of the client as an individual. As a teacher, the BSN nurse must use his or her communication skills to implement, asses, evaluate and execute individual teaching plan to meet the learning needs of the patient and the family (Zerwekh and Claborn, 2009).The role of the nurse as an advocate involves choosing the best plan of action on behalf of the client by making sure that their needs are met and protecting their human and legal right. They also provide detailed and understandable explanation and information to support the client’s decision. The nurse as a manager helps to make decisions, plan, instruct, evaluate care, and coordinate activities and representation of the staff and health care facilities as needed. The role of a colleague is an important role in the nursing field.It deals with effective communication and conflict management amongst peers working towards a purposeful goal to provide adequate care for the client and other synergy among other health care professionals. The nurse as an expert specializes in a specific area of practice acquired through advanced formal or informal education. They include researchers, clinician, educators, theorist and leaders within the nursing profession. They share information with other nurses through mentoring, continuing-education programs, writing articles and guest-speaking.Overall, the bsn nurse must embrace the roles that provide a wealth of knowledge about the ever evolving field of nursing. In conclusion, the nursing profession is definitely a profession based on Pavalko’s eight dimensions describing a profession. It has relevance to social values, requires training or educational period, self motivating to serve the patient and their family and the larger social system, guided by a code of ethics, commitment to a lifelong work, members control their profession, has a theoretical framework and have a common identity and a distinctive subculture.It is a true profession that is considered the largest and most powerful of all the health care professionals. References Ajiboye, Peace. (2010). Profession's popular image. Nursing Standard, 24(25), 14. Liaschenko, J, ;amp; Peter, E. (2004). Nursing ethics and conceptualization of nursing: profession, practice and work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(5), 488-95. McNamara, M. (2010, March 30). Ana's nurses’ e fforts pay off in historic health care bill signing. American Nurses Association, Retrieved from www. nursingworld. rg Orem, O. (2008, February 8). â€Å"What’s in a name? † Chinese Medicine Therapy, Retrieved fromhttp://www. chinesemedicinetherapy. com/nursing. Taylor, C, Lillis, C. , LeMone, P. & Lynn, P. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art & Science of Nursing Care (6th ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Wright, Steven. (2009). The Ethics of care. Nursing standards, 24(8), 26-27. Zerwekh, J. , & Clayborn, J. (2009). Nursing today transition and trends (6th ed. ). St. Lois: Missouri. Saunders Elsevier.

Information Management

In the current market, most companies use ERP system to solve most of their management issues and also assist an organization in running efficiently. The ERP system is also well- known to be really simple and easy to work with for many organizations. In the following sections, this essay will discuss about the process and pitfalls of using an ERP system, the advantages and disadvantages of it and with these, it will conclude on the ERR system.What is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System The Enterprise Resource Planning System or simply known as an ERP system, is primarily a professional application software that carries out standardized methods to streamline information among each and every division within an organization (Leonie, 2012). The ERP system coordinates information reliably all around whatever is left of the organization. ERP system incorporates a range of modules including financial, accounting, HARM, sales, distribution, manufacturing and logistics (Deer ret al, 2005).This range of modules each has its own System which often possessed compatibility issues with each other. This is when an ERP system comes in handy whereby it joins all this incompatible modules together so as to be able them to communicate, share and impart information effectively. With the ERP system establishing communication among these incompatible oodles, there will not be a need to stir information from diverse framework, doing additional computations or interface with the sales results from a few months back or handling flow.In conjunction with this framework, each person inside the organization would be able to retrieve the relevant information he/she require in order to perform their task effectively and efficiently. Table 1 below are some modules that use an ERR system (Leonie, 201 2): Table 1: Organizational Modules that utilizes ERP System Organizational Modules which Utilizes ERP System Account & Finance Sales & DistributionLogistics Human Resource Production Gen eral Ledger Accounts Payable & Receivable Fixed Asset Sales Queries (Inquires & Quotations) Sales Orders Delivery / Shipment Invoice / Billing Purchasing, Tracking & Sales Shipment of Inventory Items Tracking of Product Lots & Serial Numbers Tracking of Product Quality Test Results Warehouse Capacity Management personnel management Organizational management Payroll Time management Personnel development Tracking the change of unrefined materials into finished items Track Labor, Overhead and other amassing costs Stipulate the full cost of creationThe Process and Pitfalls of Switching to ERP system With the ERP system being setup correctly, the whole system will become very sophisticated, incorporating decreases in administration procedures; enhanced benefits; less demanding expenses; and performance that is more dependable. Below are some points on the process and pitfalls of switching to an ERP system (Suddenly, 2011 Reduces Unnecessary Paperwork: An ERP system reduces majority of th e paperwork, as all correspondence between departments are able to experience the same framework.Using a sales department and production department for illustration purposes, whenever the Sales Department input a sales order into the ERP system, the Production Department personnel would be notified of the sales requests within a very short period and they can begin processing the sales request and issues preparation requests to the production team. In the event that there is a need to, workers can get a printout Of the processed sales request.From the point where the Production Department began processing the sales request and eventually issuing the preparation request, no unnecessary paperwork were incurred but yet task could still be effectively performed in an efficient manner. Enhanced Productivity: Productivity will be enhanced if ERP system is applied correctly, as it will greatly improve on time and material usage. Intelligence and rules can also be programmed accordingly and applied. For example, similar production orders can be combined and produced concurrently, as this will allow more proficient utilization of staffs, machines, and resources.Easier Costs: Less demanding expenditure (imparted as a rate of the revenue earned) might be fulfilled with the usage of an ERP system. For instance in the event whereby suppliers have gotten a full collaboration, the ERP system makes it keel to execute the buying arrangement without a moment to spare. This can cut down the expenses of final product stock keeping and set free capital for other purposes. Solid Performance: ERR system can often provides businesses with flawless and efficient operations, however this useful advantage is often neglected as it could not be justified as a source of income to the organization.However, it is still important to note that this strong performance of ERR can provides organizations with flawless and efficient operation when information can be relayed to various departments i n a fast, little or no error manner, using the name example mentioned earlier for reducing unnecessary paperwork. With the process being discussed, the ERP framework also contains a few pitfalls and they would be discussed below. Incorrect Rationale for using an ERP: A generally committed error, particularly when ERP-like frameworks initially showed up, is the decision for ERP with the incorrect rationale.There had been numerous organizations who settled on ERP to massive clean-up on their chaotic operation methods, unfortunately this move practically ends up in a catastrophe. The old yet famous proverb suggested ‘garbage in – refuse UT' always stands and should never be forgotten by any organizations. To keep away from these traps, it is highly important for organizations to enhance their methodology with more sensible requirement before establishing an ERP system. Underestimating the Time: Often, companies are too engrossed in implementing the ERP system such that the y underestimated the time spent.Arrangement of the usage requires much unforeseen and excess work and time spent. Understatement of the obliged attempts could deliver extreme results. Underestimating the Cost: Quite often, certain ERP system provider gives a proposition that are easily understandable by clients, yet in reality this proposition may possessed unseen problems once the system finished development, that can result in significant clashes between the client and ERR system provider. Organizations must ensure that they had considered all expense segments and how specific situations may influence the system development cost.One of the common problem faced by organization is their failure to conduct feasibility study when deciding to have the ERP system or not. Failure to do feasibility study will lead to painful results at the end of the day whereby the real cost of eating up the ERP (e. G. Agreement, permit, upkeep, expenses of execution) could cost a lot more than the reven ue they could earn when the ERP is up and running. Incorrect ERP Selection A small or medium organization ought to abstain from purchasing an enormous framework, and rather actualities one that is more proper to their prerequisites and plan (with some room to develop).Another similar issue is picking the incorrect kind of ERP system – many varieties of ERP systems are readily available in the market, some that are task arranged Reps and some that are handling line situated Reps. It is important to verify the type of framework an organization pick that adjusts to the sort of business they operate. The Advantages & Disadvantages of using an ERP System Essentially, ERP system which is correctly outlined, properly setup and accurately completed ERP results could give huge profits to any organization regardless of their volume or development.The capacity to immediately run status reports with no physical information entrance in databases can give organizations significant data on business operations and consider all the more opportune responses to changing business situations. Farsighted corporations have started to take a gander at their professional frameworks as a very vital component of their general business speculation system and operate similar monetary measurements to professional programming that are highly utilized when procuring another plant or new gear.In the quick moving universe of business, a progressed, present day ERP framework is no more simply a key to business achievement, however a centre component of survival. If any organization experiences issues running reports continuously, or their workers spent unnecessary time inputting the same piece of information repeatedly into other frameworks, or vital business measurements that needs to be ascertained by hands on worksheets, this organization will definitely reap the benefits of when they have an advanced ERR business bundle (Leer-lie, 2012).However, on the other end some disadvantages of using an ERP system would be the huge cost, its long journey, its data length, and the time spent on implementing the programmer. The implementation process can take up to several months for the system to be full up and running. Complexity is also one of the factor that organization faces when it comes to implementing the yester. Overall, ERP frameworks do not really seem appropriate for Small or Medium-sized Enterprises, or simply known as Seems whereby they essentially have difficulty in defending the starting cost of their enterprise (LOL, 2011).Some other disadvantages of using an ERP system would be discussed below (LOL, 2011). Impacting on Business Processes: ERR structures are often an immediate progression to the processes or procedures of business organizations, and this often leads to entanglement rather than actualities. In order to ensure that each one some piece of the equines fits into the ERP structure, it is unrealistic that individual procedures and arrangements co uld be kept up, so the execution of an ERP structural engineering has a tendency to take the state of a much more extensive business change venture.This is all the time an iterative methodology. At the point when characterizing the extent of the ERP at an early stage, huge numbers of such contemplations are often remains unknown. ERR executions possessed the possibility of being viewed as tasks that â€Å"constrain† unwanted reforms on the business organizations' operation. Thus once the ERP usage is underway, the only solution for any change is to change business formats without preparing the whole system from scratch.ERP Systems that lacks Flexibility and Adaptability: ERP system building design gives itself well to build organizations that possessed characterized procedures and methods. With the ERP system being set up, the system would succeed for those organizations, yet for other organizations that wish to perform major fundamental reforms, the ERP system could turn out to be exceptionally rigid. Because of the path in which the structural engineering is situated up, even generally little changes might e immoderate and entangled to execute.Dynamic organizations, continually looking to roll out improvements in course would not be able to enjoy the profit brought about by having an ERP, as the ERP would never be synchronized with what the business actually does. Problems Created through Ongoing Supports: External vendors often uphold ERP frameworks. This can result in many issues created when these external vendors are required to adhere to administration level understandings, thus the time to react to abnormalities and the nature of essential help could not keep up with business requisites.Permitting and support charges could be incurred heavily into the already thriving expenses of the ERR system. The greatest fear of any organizations are the security of their confidential information held within the ERP, as the system are mostly maintained by ex ternal vendors, the organizations feel that they do not have ‘true' control of these confidential information. Risk of Efficiency being Dissolved by Businesses A compelling ERP depends on the correct type of business procedures to help and keep up with structural planning.For instances, Organizations that do not UT resources into further skills upgrading of staffs will never be able to see the profits through ERP execution. Whenever organizations are working in an extremely conservative way, these organizations can never truly understand and appreciates the ability of an ERP framework. Structural engineering relies heavily on an exceptionally incorporated plan of action and disappointment to impart information between offices will restrain viable living up to expectations. Fundamentally, to completely profit using ERP framework, the business will be required to be executed in a certain manner readily.A few organizations have acknowledged robust benefits from the usage of the E RP system, though majority of the people believes that the results did not advocate the start-up cost of the ERP. As these ERP systems are often very costly, organizations must think thoroughly of whether does this ERP truly benefit the business, and at the same time whether business really needs to have an ERP. Conclusion An ERP system may be an exceptionally important device for each undertaking in which centre methodology could be supported by programming.

Police Entrapment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Entrapment - Research Paper Example So it can be established that any act performed with the motive of damaging the framed jurisdiction can be phrased as Entrapment (Stitt & James, April 1984, pp. 111-112). In an entrapment activity police creates the favorable conditions for the commission of offense. But in this note it is to be mentioned that the offender does not play any such vital role. This act is majorly carried down entirely by the police itself. They are basically a ratification of laws making illegal acts which many people had addressed as â€Å"victimless crimes†. In order to prevent these inexcusable acts various special law enforcement agencies had been established with a view of preventing theses crimes as they did not result into complaints from the victimized. In this connection Dempsey and Forst (2013) said, â€Å"Inducement is the key word; when police encouragement plays upon the weakness of the innocent persons and beguiles them into committing crimes they normally would not attempt, it can be deemed improper because it is entrapment and the evidence is barred under the exclusionary rule†. It has been also said that entrapment is a confirmatory defense and can be easily raised at trial. It is based on certain belief where people should not be persuaded of a defense that is completely initiated by the government. It on the whole arises when the government representatives implant the seed with an intention of crime. This view on the contrary hold another prospective where it has been explained that by simply giving a person an opportunity of committing a crime cannot simply subjected to entrapment (Dempsey, Forst, 2013, pp. 151). Evidences specified that entrapment by police was not a new concept. It laid its root way back during 1959s where unjustified acts were forced to be proved as justified by the police. A case in USA gave rise to a revamped consideration of the defense of entrapment. The country witnessed many cases of entrapment by police then. The crime w as broadening at a remarkable speed. There also it was observed that the victims did not complain. It became mandatory for the law to take action against it. In order to prevent the criminal issues the government itself took initiative and actions. It strengthened the rule regarding entrapment activities. The police force being doubled it had been still impossible to execute the laws regarding entrapment. Special work forces like informers, special employees were deployed by the government for the evacuation of a crime as entrapment but the purpose did not get solved. There had been evidences which specified in some situations it became difficult for a police or official to make arrest for any of the crime just detailed. But in contrast there were cases too which witnessed that the answers regarding the enforcement law determined that in large measure opinions were with respect to the defense of entrapment. It was explained that one who opposed the categorization of crimes would cir cuitously hold up the concept of entrapment by police and thus would authorize its more repeated incantation (Williams, 1959, pp. 405). In addition to all this entrapment had also been referred as a proactive law enforcement strategy. This remark was made as because its dimensions included reactive strategies such as complaints investigation. Police entrapment followed series of under covered operatives

Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Quality Management - Essay Example The government findings produced a 600 pages report that indicated problems within the management system. The problems included breakdowns in emergency care, an unorganized framework for keeping record of patients and improper treatment of medical waste. The emergency units were dirty and unhealthy. The patients moved around in the corridors, lost and unattended. Children were not attended immediately and were discharged without any medical attention. The entire chaos resulted from the inefficient handling of the five P’s and thus the CEO was fired when he/she suggested the improvement of the organization by the means of engaging more nurses, redefining the policies and procedures, and retraining the staffs. The CEO’s suggestion included the three P’s namely People, Processes and Policies; however he/she missed the vital P’s that represent Product and Premises. Here the effect is the â€Å"Unorganized management and inefficient services† and the probable factors causing this are lack of trained employees, lack of adequate funds, and lack of training provider, conflict between employees and management and unskilled and inexperienced management. The elements of the 5P Model include people, processes, policies, premises and product. Policies are the guidelines for the actions of the university. This is on the whole an enabler and influencer of the 4 other P’s and factors for the resources allocation (money, effort and time etc.) to the accomplishment of the firm’s service quality objectives. People are the staffs and professors related to the University. Processes are the procedure by means of which tasks are done within the University. Premises are the location of the University and Product is the education it is imparting to the students. In this regard it can be said that efficient functioning of all the five factors are essential for the smooth running of the University. If one among the five elements doesn’t get

Critical Analysis of Decision-making of a Student Nurse Assessment Essay

Critical Analysis of Decision-making of a Student Nurse Assessment Process - Essay Example This approach adheres to the mentor standards of providing students with constructive feedbacks. Roslyn also appears to have some reservations regarding Gina’s level of competence, a factor which might affect her assessment as a mentor. However, a mentor must also assess a student’s total performance such as the skills, attitudes and behaviors. Finally, Roslyn also considered getting the opinion of her colleagues and team members regarding the performance of Gina, which is a good point. This is so because Gina is also working with other members of the health team staff aside from her mentor Roslyn. The standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives by the Nursing and Midwifery council points out the importance of working with others to help protect and promote the well being of those in their care. Furthermore, the code also states that a mentor is expected to can consult from colleagues when appropriate while practicing fairness and non-discrimina tion. The NMC recognizes that the assessment contribution by others is a part of interprofessional learning. The following issues were raised by her team members—Gina’s tardiness, lack of initiative, poor knowledge of basic concepts and lastly her poor communication skills. In addition to this, the NMC code reiterates that a mentor must facilitate their student’s competency development. However, the resulting document of Gina’s assessment appeared to have only stated a general view about Gina’s performance. This is where the issues arise. While it is true that Roslyn mentioned during the interview the concerns regarding Gina’s communication skills, it was not stated on the final assessment paper itself. The paper on the... This essay stresses that starting off with the conduct of the assessment, the mentor Roslyn initially shows a sense of professionalism by organizing a plan of the interview. According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council mentor standards, mentors are responsible and accountable for co-ordinating and organizing student learning activities. The standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives by the Nursing and Midwifery council points out the importance of working with others to help protect and promote the well being of those in their care. This report makes a conclusion that Roslyn’s final decision made rise to issues of its accuracy and accountability. The good point about Roslyn’s assessment process was that she was able to inform Gina during the midpoint interview on Gina’s achievements and improvements. Her colleagues’ comments and concerns were also laid out during the interview. However, the final document of the assessment decision lacks all the other assessment results such as the colleagues’ comments regarding Gina’s performance and level of knowledge. In other terms, Roslyn had the difficulty of giving Gina an impression of a failing grade. Finally, it was not documented in the final decision about Gina’s need to make communication a further area for development. Therefore, the result of Roslyn’s final assessment paper on Gina’s performance did not exhibit enough fairness and accuracy.

Testing the effectiveness of the use of value at risk in cases of Essay

Testing the effectiveness of the use of value at risk in cases of economic distress - Essay Example With the United States’s credit rating on the Standard and Poor’s being downgraded from triple A (AAA) to double A (AA), this has changed the landscape for various lenders to have to watch more closely, and with a more critical eye, what money they loan out and to whom they are loaning money. This will be discussed more later. The Monte Carlo simulation has a basic formula of â€Å"(b-a)+b.† According to the Monte Carlo Simulation (2011), â€Å"[T]he Monte Carlo Analysis technique utilizes the three estimates to repeatedly simulate the project’s completion date, while taking into account the statistical likelihood that each activity’s duration will be somewhere on the continuum between the three estimates. The result of this analysis will [have] X% chance that the project will be complete on or before date Y† (pgh. 6). The first simulation was conducted on Citibank Corp. bank. Portfolio returns are best when they are diversified. There are a number of wonderful stocks which one can invest in in order to see great returns. The key is to make sure that various percentages of stocks are bought in order to balance out any difficulties so that, if one stock tanks a bit, other stocks will recoup the loss. Supposedly, Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Index on income return is 1.01%, while its capital return is 5%--for a total return of 6.01%. Class A shares have a total return of 3.89%. Meanwhile, Lipper Growth and Income Funds Index has a total return of 5.29%. The U.S. economy, this past year, did not see much growth in the first six months of the year. Markets have been adversely affected by the slowdown. Triggered by worries about the U.S. budget deficit, a very high (at least 9.1% nationally) unemployment rate, the European debt crisis, and a decrease of growth in China—such macroeconomic concerns kept stock markets in turbulence, causing the U.S. stock market to have a volatility index the likes of which have

Strategic Marketing Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Marketing - Dissertation Example Therefore, Surviving in hard times requires a strong determination and a positive attitude. But in today's fast and merciless marketplace, more is needed than a winner's attitude. The following chapter is where the dissertation starts explaining in brief a number of small business hard time strategies to help steer the chopping waters of commerce. 2.0 Strategies for SMEs to fight Economic Crisis 2.1 Cost cutting For small business, cost-cutting needs to be implemented with the precision of a surgeon's scalpel. Cut too deep and your business will never recover. Cut too shallow and cash flow problems could force you to the back of the unemployment line. Look at percentages rather than dollars and cents. If your expenses are chewing up your profits, you need to take action. There are two ways to improve sagging profits: sell more or cut costs. However, if revenues and expenses grow at the same rate, selling more won't fix an anemic bottom line. "Mistake No. 1 is thinking that marketing is the best place to cut when businesses are looking to tighten their belts," says Ann Handley, chief content officer at Marketing Professionals. "But it's not the time to jettison marketing. If business is slow and you're reining in your plan to get your name out there, it means fewer leads, less business and, ultimately, less income." Exercise care and judgment in determining what and where to cut and by how much. I recently heard of companies getting rid of their marketing department, asking them to leave, but this is not the best solution, as marketing is the most important function in a business, without having to move your products and service, how is it possible to increase sales and profits. On the... For the small business, cost-cutting needs to be implemented with the precision of a surgeon’s scalpel. Cut too shallow and cash flow problems could force you to the back of the unemployment line. Look at percentages rather than dollars and cents. If your expenses are chewing up your profits, you need to take action. There are two ways to improve sagging profits: sell more or cut costs. However, if revenues and expenses grow at the same rate, selling more won't fix an anemic bottom line. "Mistake No. 1 is thinking that marketing is the best place to cut when businesses are looking to tighten their belts," says Ann Handley, chief content officer at Marketing Professionals. "But it's not the time to jettison marketing. If the business is slow and you're reining in your plan to get your name out there, it means fewer leads, less business and, ultimately, less income." Exercise care and judgment in determining what and where to cut and by how much. I recently heard of companies getting rid of their marketing department, asking them to leave, but this is not the best solution, as marketing is the most important function in a business, without having to move your products and service, how is it possible to increase sales and profits. On the contrary, there are some easier ways that would help you eliminate costs. Over the years we have looked at hundreds of marketing programs, and honestly, state that nearly all of them have some kind of hole that either drains money directly or allows leads to be lost.

Evalue my diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evalue my diet - Essay Example On the other hand, weaknesses of my diet can be observed in the failure to consume adequate amounts of certain crucial components of any diet. This is evident in the low intake of vegetables, which falls below average by not consuming starchy vegetables, which are required for good health, while at the same failing to stick to healthy eating in a consistent manner. This is evidenced by lack of admission to taking three meals a day, which are only taken occasionally and not frequently, while the meals that are taken are taken until I am full. This is a grave admission of a poor diet meaning that I fail to observe healthy eating habits and the failure to eat slowly shows lack of dedication to healthy eating no matter how nutritious a meal is. In addition, the bad habits of my diet are also displayed by the lack of a limiting factor in eating as a form of eliminating stress or as a way of coping with stress. Though done sometimes, eating mindlessly in response to stress portrays a form of irresponsibility in my diet, as it creates a discrepancy in healthy eating. I believe that improvements to my diet could be done through the inclusion of plenty of juice in my diet, reducing sweetened drinks, especially in the juices and other drinks. The drinks also need to be of low caloric value, which implies low sugar drinks and beverages, while making sure that they are low fat as they are as important as water is by having zero calories. Furthermore, in relation to solid meals, there is need to rid my diet of fried foods as such as fries, which are high in calories, while consuming high sugar and fat foods on rare occasions if at all there is need or craving for them. My diet can further be improved through the application of nutrients that are rarely consumed such as dark green vegetables, starchy, red, and orange vegetables that I do not consume on a regular basis. This is because it is not done in a weekly basis that is worth to be considered as appropriate as can also be seen with other crucial nutrients such as vitamin A, D and E. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, I will require making a number of changes in my diet, and these lie especially in relation to calorie intake, which translate to the first modification being the elimination of fried foods and high fat snacks from my diet. With this in mind, it is bound to reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering the amount of fat in the diet and, as a result in the body. In addition, high sugar snacks need to be eliminated or consumed on rare occasions and not sometimes, to eliminate the risk of being obese as these sugary foods contribute to obesity. To meet the recommendations there is need to include high fiber foods to cater for the high sugar diet, while water would serve as the perfect replacement for high sugar snacks and other high calorie and fried foods. In my current lifestyle, there are potential barriers that need to be overcome in order to ge t the recommended dietary measures and conduct. These include the need to allocate more time to my eating so that I do not have to eat in a hurry, the same way that there will be more time in order to have all three meals. This is because, with my current lifest

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Article Critique - Essay Example The Great Conversation is a means to involve community in the educational process. It consists of two different tracks: informal and formal. Vollmer cites the remarkable progress in relations achieved using the Great Conversation in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. However, he does not give the details of these three situations. He merely makes a few vague comments about the schools systems and their relationship to the public. One of the major drawbacks of the article is that Vollmer largely ignores the informal track of the Great Conversation. While he admits that the focus of his article is the formal track, he devotes only three short paragraphs to the informal track. If an approach to public relations involves two main tracks, an article should address both equally in order to create a balanced view. Vollmer seems to bias the article toward the formal track. Vollmer uses the last half of his article to explaining the formal track of the Great Conversation. ... The most obvious errors in the article are two. Firstly, the major obstacle to creating public relations programs between schools and the community is a lack of time on the part of both parties. Vollmer never addresses how the Great Conversation solves this fundamental problem. If anything, the article points out that public relations programs are almost impossible to create due to the time commitment needed on both sides. Secondly, and most importantly, author Jamie Vollmer is president of Vollmer, Inc., a public education advocacy firm focusing on increasing community involvement in education. Clearly, he has bias in relation to the subject about which he is writing. His firm exists to help schools create and maintain public relations programs. Additionally, the firm sells certain approaches to public relations to school districts. There can be little doubt that Vollmer sells a package that includes the Great Conversation. Finally, as Vollmer is president of the firm, he is respons ible for the financial health of the organization. This fact means that he must sell his firm’s product, and this article is an advertisement for his firm. I feel that public relations programs are important for school success to a limited degree. The success of a school can be impacted by the amount of involvement from the community. However, in my experience, the most important involvement is individual, i.e. between parents and teachers. The intrusion of business into schools is detrimental as it affects the operation and goals of the school. Also, the general public does not understand the workings of the educational system and often public relations programs spend the majority of their time

Case study #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

#3 - Case Study Example Age: with the advancement of age, the condition of presbycussis may become more profound having started from early adulthood sometimes from as young as 18 years. It may occur due to prolonged exposure to noise. Noise inducement: in case one gets exposed at a time to very high frequency sounds, then one can become either partially or permanently deaf. It may be due to destruction of sensorineural nerves. The higher the pitch of the sound exposed to may vary the extent of damage to the ear. Very high noise causes a higher degree of damage in much shorter time than low levels of noise. Genetics: sometimes deafness conditions can be hereditary. Where dominant genes exist between parents, the higher are the chances of the offspring acquiring deafness. Modern science identifies non syndrome and recessive types of deafness. Boys Town Hospital is an institute in Nebraska researching genetic and hereditary deafness. Their website reveals genetic fact sheets and information regarding syndromes related to deafness. Moreover, they offer recruitment to people willing to learn about hearing impairment. It is duly registered by the Registry for Research on Hereditary Hearing Impairment. Lastly, New York Rockefeller has also conducted studies investigating non-syndrome impairment. Other Universities and Medical research institutes across the globe have taken steps to ease the diagnosis and possible remedies on the condition. Ferdinand Berthier was an intellectual and an educator in the late 19th century in France. He was born deaf. He was also a political organiser in France politics. He was the founder of the first organisation that took good care of deaf people. He fought for recognition of deaf people in such capacities as political seats, leadership roles in organisations, stating that disability is not inability. The aim of the organization was, â€Å"to bring together all the deaf

Patriot Act Essay Example for Free

Patriot Act Essay An act was created in the dark days following the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. It was created to allow the agencies of law enforcement and intelligence to have more authority in order to prevent any future attacks by terrorists on the United States. Additionally, it made available monitoring tools within the United States to aggressively address the Bush administrations domestic war on terrorism. The draft title of the act was â€Å"Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001†. However, today it is better known as the USA Patriot Act. The Patriot Act was responsible for drastic changes in over 15 important government and constitutional statues. All which lead to the increased ability of the government and law enforcement to secretly monitor, conduct surveillance, and investigate anyone at anytime. Previous to September 11, 2001 there were several attempts by the Republican Party to allow for the electronic surveillance of citizens within the United States however these provisions were highly criticized as being anti-constitutional and therefore anti-American. It was this single act of terrorism which promoted Congress to tear apart the rights granted to every citizen in the United States Constitution and allow the rights of privacy to be completely subordinated. When asked why, congressional officials always cite the 9/11 terrorists attacks. Even the former White House John Podesta challenged their decisions stating that the devastating events of 9/11 emotionally pressured the members of Congress to agree to allow new legal implements to help fight the terrorists. He continues â€Å"But we should not forget what gave rise to the original opposition- many aspects of the bill increase the opportunity for law enforcement and the intelligence community to return to an era where they monitored and sometimes harassed individuals who were merely exercising their First Amendment rights. † After the establishment of the specific content of the Patriot Act, congress was given only a single week to pass the act. John Ashcroft not only had a time limit but also required there would be absolutely no changes to the act. Several congressman headed by the the Vermonts Patrick Leahy did convince the Department of Justice to make some changes and gradually members of Congress worked together and improvements were made. The process was not fast enough for John Ashcroft and he pressured Congress and the public by repeatedly warning that additional terrorists attacks were upon the United States and only Congress had the power to stop them by passing the Patriot Act. At that point all the revisions to the act were taken away and was passed. The Act was passed 357–66 in the House of Representatives. President Bush signed the Patriot Act into law on 26 October, 2001. What is most baffling about the Patriot Act is very few people can actually explain what the Patriot Act is and what is says. John Ashcroft on several occasions tried to explain exactly what the details of the Patriot Act is: Prosecutors will seek judicial authority to intercept communications related to an expanded list of terrorism-related crimes such as: the development, possession, or use of chemical or biological weapons; financial transaction with a terrorist government; or providing material support to terrorists or terrorist organizations. Investigators will use `roving wiretaps to intercept communications and thereby thwart the ability of terrorists to evade surveillance by switching phones or communication devices. Investigators will now aggressively pursue terrorists on the internet. The legislation permits investigators to obtain senders and receivers e-mail addresses just as it is done with telephone surveillance. Terrorists employ sophisticated technologies to evade detection and the legislation updates the law to the technology. Investigators will use search warrants to obtained unopened voice mail and e-mail. However, the most important parts of the Patriot Act were left out of his description. Under the stipulations of the act, obtaining warrants are much easier. It also approves unspecified search warrants to be used without notification. These particular components are in direct contrast to those given to all citizens in the Fourth Amendment which gives protection against â€Å"unreasonable searches and seizures. † The the real power the Patriot Act is in the subpoena. This allows the authorities to search and find credit card and bank account information of any suspected terrorists on the world wide web. This â€Å"will allow investigators to identify the terrorist who hides behind a fictitious internet name. The question remains how does the government determine who is a potential terrorist or not- could it be you or me? The truth is there is no defined methodology. Therefore, this allows the FBI to order anyone  to turn over anything  for any  reason. These pieces of information can include library records, medical records, business records, emails, and student information. This is legal as long as the FBI believes the information will help in an â€Å"authorized investigation†. This is extremely vague and all inclusive. This is a clear violation of privacy rights outlined in the Constitution. The Patriot Act continues that only a single court order is needed to do a communication search that is world wide. Under normal circumstances the court order is only effective in the judicial district it was initiated in. It continues Law enforcement and intelligence committees will share information on terrorist activities and thus better coordinate their efforts to prevent terrorism. It is obvious that the Patriot Act is actually a secret tool which can be used against terrorism but can also be used anytime against anyone the government feels necessary. Mark Corallo of the Department of Justice, was quoted as saying â€Å"The Patriot Act was not meant to be just for terrorism. An article in Newsweek has reported that the government had used the provisions set up in the Patriot Act, to investigate 1000 people who have had absolutely no terrorisms connection. Many critics draw a comparisons to Orwells 1984 in which the general public was constantly monitored. Tampering with the founding document of the United States is a bad idea and no matter how many times the President of the United States states that The Patriot Act defends our liberty,† it simply is not true. Benjamin Franklin, a great American thinker, said decades ago Those who are willing to give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. By passing and using the Patriot Act we are giving up our liberty for safety and in this case pseudo it is safety. The Patriot Act allows the government to treat every citizens as a potential terrorist. Based on that idea the government has the legal ability to question, search, and detain anyone. In recent months the Patriot Act has been renewed temporarily. However, it is clear that both members of Congress and the general population have lost faith and confidence in George Bush – in his actions and words. There are a number of outspoken critics of the Patriot Act including the American Civil Liberties Union who believed that the â€Å"Act gives the attorney general and federal law enforcement unnecessary and permanent new powers to violate civil liberties† and these infringements go way beyond those necessary for fighting terrorism. Many congressional officials who voted for the act in 2001 believe they made a mistake. John Kerry has been extremely open of his opinion that the Patriot Act was misrepresented and misused by the government. To be passed again, the Patriot Act must have substantial changes which will restore those rights granted to all American citizens. In fact there are almost no supporters of the Patriot Act as is, excluding those directly involved the Bush Administration. The governmentally run site which lists the reasons why the Patriot Act is beneficial lists the reasons why the act improves â€Å"counter-terrorism efforts. † They list four reasons including the following: the ability to readily investigate organized crime and the trafficking of drugs, allows information to be shared between governmental intelligence agencies, addresses new technology which is used in potential terrorist organizations, and increased the criminal punishment for terrorist activities. They also had the audacity to include on their web pages quotes of the Declaration of Independence as support for the the constitutionally debilitating provisions of the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act not only contradicts the United States Constitution but makes a mockery of the the hard work our founding fathers did to secure liberties for all of America and its citizens. By enacting into law our governmental officials took way our unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Our actions in the passing of the Patriot Act, the mistreatment of those who simply â€Å"look† like terrorists, and our self righteous behavior abroad in Iraq supports the idea that the United States is gradually becoming what killed all those people on September 11th, 2001 – a terrorist nation. And how long will the world wait and placidly watch America reek the same devastation worldwide?

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Example for Free

Documentary Hypotheses Essay Documentary hypotheses is the persuasion of scholars that the Torah was composed by many writers. The authors of the Pentateuch are thought to come from four different traditions known as J, E, D, and P. The J which stands for the Jaw hist are responsible for most of the genesis. The E stands for Elohist referred God to Elohim (Freidman, 1997). E wrote Aqedah story and other parts of genesis, and much of exodus and numbers. D ( the deutronomist ) wrote almost the whole book of Deuteronomy and probably Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and kings. P (the priestly source) provided the first chapter of Genesis, the book of Leviticus and other sections with genealogical information (Freidman, 1997). The following factors triggered documentary hypothesis. Duplicate and triplicate passages: This stories include, two description of the covenant between God and Abraham, two versions of the ten commandments, and two accounts of the moses striking the rock of at Meriba. God was described in different ways in some cases he was referred to as Yahweh while in other parts he was referred to as Elohim. The different sources had different names for God. The belief by archaeologists and linguistic centuries ago was that writing among ancient Hebrews only developed after events portrayed. So Moses was incapable of writing the first five books. Various passages showed God in different ways, for example the flood story. The flood story is described differently by the Various sources. The following contrast arises from this two stories. In the J source the authors refer to God as the lord while the P God is referred as God. The length the rains: in the J version of the story, the rains went for 40 days While in the p version of this story the rains went for 150 days. Moreover in the J version of the story, Gods character is revealed as a merciful God. Furthermore, he has mercy on Noah and save him from the floods due to his righteousness. The p version portrays God as vengeful However, the two stories has a similarity in the conclusion. God promise to never again destroy the earth in waters. The inconsistencies in the two story explains diverse authorship. Am strongly persuaded that the stories were written down by many authors. The Question left unanswered is which account of the story do we rely on, the p or J story?. The impact would be efforts to live accordance to Gods will. The stories shows that God is vengeful if man become sinful. Essay 2. The coming of pharaoh who knew not Joseph meant suffering . Significance of this suffering is that it moved God to rescuing the Israelites from Egypt. When God talked to Moses, he told him that he had seen the affliction of his people (Freidman, 1997). Many scholars has criticized the massive exodus. The ten plagues in the bible has been well detailed (Freidman, 1997). Exodus 12. 36 explains how Egypt was deprived their slave labor. After the Egyptians army drowned in the red sea, Egypt suffered a weak defense. This factors validate the exodus of the Israelites. According to the bible, the date can be accurately calculated. The bible records in 1Kings 6. 1, the fourth year of Solomons reign was the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were delivered from the land of Egypt. When we place the fourth year of his reign in the 960s B. C and take 480 years back it takes us to 1440s BC. Another Biblical Evidence on the dating is found on judges. This is when Jephthah tell the Ammonites that Israel had been in the land for 300 years Judges 11. 26. Jephthahs victory over the Ammonites could be traced back at 1100 B. C. This would place the arrival of Israelites arrival in the land at 1400s B. C. In consideration of thew 40 years after the exodus. This two scriptures are very helpful because the arrive at the same dating of the exodus. Archaeological and historical evidence includes the fact that numerous cities in those periods experienced a cultural change due to the arrival of the Israelites. The Israelites throughout the history concentrated in areas that were easy to defend against the Canaanites (Freidman, 1997). This supports the fact they were invaders. Furthermore, they doubters have claimed the evidence of armed destruction of some cities. The history of the Exodus is important because it formed a Jewish faith. Work cited R. E. Freidman who wrote the Bible , Harper Collins, San Francisco, CA (1997).

Online Shopping In India

Online Shopping In India Online shopping is the process of researching and purchasing products or services over the  Internet. The earliest online stores went into business in 1992, and online  retailing  took over a significant segment of the retail market during the first decade of the twenty-first century, as ownership of personal computers increased and established retailers began to offer their products over the Internet.   Consumers across the globe are increasingly swapping crowded stores for one-click convenience, as online shopping becomes a safe and popular option. Online shopping has some advantages over shopping in retail stores, including the ability to easily compare prices from a range of merchants, access to a wide selection of merchandise, being open 24*7 and the convenience of not having to drive to a physical store. But despite that the online shopping cannot replace the experience of shopping in a retail store or the entertainment value of going to a mall or market. A customer who knows exactly what he or she wants can look it up online, read and compare the information, and purchase from the site that offers the best price or service. But a shopper who is uncertain what to look for, or who just enjoys browsing through items on display, will prefer a retail store where the merchandise can be seen, handled and sample. The dà ©cor, music and arrangement of goods in a retail store creates a multi-dimensional shopping environment that cannot be duplicated online. For many people, going shopping at a mall, department store or market is a form of entertainment and a social experience. Many people who are currently unfamiliar with computers and do not feel comfortable using the Internet to shop are not likely to change their habits.   The Future growth will come through improvements to the shopping process on existing Web sites; the implementation of more online shopping sites by existing retailers; the coming of age of a younger, more technology-oriented generation; and the introduction of novel goods, services and online shopping experiences. The growth of online shopping in developing nations like India will occur as more people acquire personal computers and credit cards. Global Arena Online shopping, or the use of the Internet to gather information on products and services, has already shown significant growth globally. The Nielsen survey, the largest survey of its kind on the topic of  Internet shopping  habits, was conducted from October to November 2007 and polled 26,312 Internet users in 48 markets from Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East. When The Nielsen Company conducted its first survey into online shopping habits two years ago, only 10 percent of the worlds online population (627 million) had made a purchase over the Internet. Within two years, this number has surged by approximately 40 percent to a staggering 875 million. The burgeoning popularity of online shopping is a truly global phenomenon. Online shoppers can be found scattered across the globe, but the worlds most avid Internet shoppers hail from South Korea 99 percent of Internet users in South Korea have shopped online. German, UK and Japanese consumers come in a close second. US consumers are slightly more recalcitrant, clocking in at number eight. Indian Scenario While the Internet and the World Wide Web are continuing to expand at a rapid pace, the development of electronic commerce has been slower. Surveys indicate many Indian Internet users employ the developing interactive medium to shop or browse for information on products and services, but a far smaller percentage has actually made purchases online. The number of people and hosts connected to the net has increased worldwide. In India too, Internet penetration has became more widespread. Online shopping though a small proportion of the Internet activity is believed to increase in the coming years. Some of the prominent factors leading the change are greater Internet penetration, fall in prices of hardware, fall in the price of Internet communication, development of better and more reliable technologies, and increased awareness among the users. Some of the various ways in which online marketing is done in India are company websites, shopping portals, online auction sites, etc. E-commerce may not have taken off in India the way it should have, yet prospects are bright. India is expected to be the third largest Internet market in the world in the next five years (Source Ac Nielson). The advantages are there for both buyers and sellers and this win-win situation is at the core of its phenomenal rise, as it is believed that e-commerce transactions will represent the largest revenue earner especially in the business to consumer (B2C) segment in India. Indian customers are increasingly getting comfortable with online shopping, and there is a higher acceptability for the concept. India has 25 million Internet users and more is now turning to online shopping. There has been an influx of online shopping sites in India with many companies hitching onto the Internet bandwagon. The revenues from online shopping are expected to increase tremendously. According to IAMAI, the average number of transactions per month in India has gone up from 2 lakh in 2003-04 to 4.4 lakh in 2004-05 and has doubled to 7.95 lakh transactions per month in the year 2005-06. The online sales during the festival season had increased rapidly especially during Diwali and Ramzan which recorded a sales of Rs115 crore, a 117 per cent increase from the Rs53 crore in the year 2004-05 (source IAMAI). These figures clearly show that online shopping has truly come of age and consumers are keen to shop on the net. Effective customer communication on products plus reduced shipping costs and timely delivery has helped online marketers to seize a slice of the Rs 115 crore sales. Though a miniscule amount in the global context, the Indian online shoppers population would make its presence felt quite remarkably. The potential of the Indian e-market can be gauged from the fact that 16 percent of Indian consumers want to buy online in the next six months, making it the th ird most online-potential country after Korea (28 percent) and Australia (26 percent) (Source:IMRB). This is an indication of a growing breed of Indian consumers who are not only better equipped but also more confident of the online transactions. LITERATURE REVIEW The consumers attitude towards online shopping is known as one of the main factors that affects e-shopping potential (Michieal, 1998). Though attitudinal issues are thought to play a significant role in e-commerce adoption, however social-demographic variables such as the gender, income, age, and nation also affect customers in purchasing. In a study of customer satisfaction and repurchase behavior, Mittal, Kamakura Wagner (2001) divided consumer characteristics into six social-demographic variables. They were gender, age, educational background, marital status, children, and living area. A review of empirical studies in this area shows several things. Many studies have found that typical online buyers have used the Web for several years, and because of their familiarity, they searched online for product information and purchase options (Bellmanet al., 1999). There was also evidence that the Internet shopper was convenience-oriented (Donthu Garcia, 1999; Korgaonkar Wolin, 1999), innovative and variety-seeking (Donthu Garcia, 1999). He or she did not appear to be brand-or price-sensitive (Donthu Garcia, 1999). From a consumers viewpoint, Yao (1998) who researched the purchase behavior of online shopping in demographic variables and behavior variables angle, found that different age groups affected customers product choice in price. Sheth (1983) considered that consumers purchase preference would affect their intention. Considering that Internet shopping, is still not at the mature stage of development, not too much is known about consumers attitudes towards adopting this new shopping channel and factors that influence their attitude toward (Haque et al., 2006). That means that, through motivation and perception, attitudes are formed and consumers make decisions. Thus, attitudes directly influence decision making (Haque et al.,2006). Attitudes serve as the bridge between consumers background characteristics and the consumption that satisfies their needs (Armstrong and Kotler, 2000; Shwu-Ing, 2003). Because attitudes are difficult to change, to understand consumers attitudes toward online shopping, can help marketing managers predict the online shopping intention and evaluate the future growth of online commerce. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research study is to investigate online Indian consumer behaviour, which in turn will provide E-marketers with a constructional framework for fine-tuning their online strategies. The objectives of this research are: To study the attitudes and behaviour of Indian consumer regarding online shopping. To evaluate the contribution of online shopping in India. To understand the issues and challenges of online shopping in India. To analyze if the Indian online buying behavior is affected by demographics, cultural and social characteristics. To identify factors which determine online shopping. To examine the satisfaction level of online purchases of Indian consumers. To investigate the future and growth of Online Shopping in India. HYPOTHESIS: Keeping in mind the above objectives and in order to address the problem in the most effective manner the following hypotheses have been formulated: There is no significant difference between the frequency of online buying among male females Indian consumers. There is no significant difference between the Indian consumers educational background and their online purchase intention. There is no significant difference between the income of regular online shopper and occasional online buyer. There is no significant difference between the convenience orientation of consumers who make frequent online purchases or those who purchase occasionally. There is no significant difference in the dominance of usage of shopping online between the Generation Y shoppers (those born after 1977) and other online buyers, that is, people over 45 years of age. RESEARCH METHODOLGY: The general purpose of the study is to conduct a descriptive research on the customer attitudes and behaviors for online shopping in Indian setting. To this end exploratory or qualitative research tool would be used, which can help better understand and gain data that, shows how consumers make online shopping. Sampling designs chosen for use in this research is non-probability judgment sampling. A non-probability sample group would be used and the surveys would be mailed and distributed among the Internet users chosen. As discuss by Cavana et al.(2001), when time or other factors become critical, non-probability sampling is generally used. By using this sampling design, no probabilities are attached to the elements in the population under research. However this research may able to collect preliminary information in a quick and inexpensive way. In judgment sampling, the researcher uses his/her judgment in selecting information rich units from the population for study based on the populations parameters to answer the research question. Five hundred surveys would be conducted because it is considered to be a large sample size to se rve the purpose of the research. A combination of primary and secondary research techniques would be used to collect the data to meet the objectives. The primary research would be conducted across Delhi through structured consumer survey questionnaires administered among all the people who use Internet through judgmental sampling. Any person who meets the criteria would be a potential sample unit for the survey. According to Sekaran (2003), surveys type is a useful and powerful method in finding answers to consumer behaviors research. To carry out the research, the questionnaire consists of a combination of several types of questions. Also the researcher will seek to review related literatures of consumer behavior on online shopping. After data collection the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) would be used for data analysis. Various tests would also be conducted like T Test, Z Test, Factor Analysis. These methods would help to reach an answer and come up with results to prove the findings. SCOPE: Today Internet is not only a networking media, but also as a means of transaction for consumers at global market. Internet usage has grown rapidly over the past years and it has become common means for delivering and trading information, services and goods (Albarq, 2006). Since online shopping is growing tremendously in the current business scenario it is imperative to study how consumers make purchase decisions on the Internet. With the advent of Internet shopping, consumers are faced with an overwhelming amount of product offerings, and consequently have a greater degree of freedom to choose among many different alternatives. Internet shopping carries a number of different characteristics than traditional shopping methods. In India the Internet has taken root and grown along many fronts in the past decade. The research assumes significance since marketers have endeavored to cater to this growing segment of consumers. Research undertaken within India on the profile of Internet shoppers is piecemeal and incomplete. This empirical research intends to explore into this issue, this study among the Internet users will help marketers to plan highly focused online campaigns in the future. PROPOSED CHAPTERIZATION: Keeping in mind the objective of the research, In this research proposal, the background, context and theme of the study would be presented first; then the objectives of the study and the research statements would be formulated. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions shall be stated. Finally, the scope and limitation of the study, methodology to be used and the significance of the research will be discussed in detail.    So, proposed table of contents for the research are as follows Acknowledgement Executive Summary Table Of Contents List Of Tables List Of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction In this chapter the background to the research area is presented. This presentation leads to a discussion of the issues within the research area which further leads to the formulation of a research question. This research question will be answered later in this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is also presented. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter includes a review of relevant and supporting theories for this research. They begin with broader theories of segmentation and online buying behaviour before two models relevant to the empirical study is presented. Chapter 3 Research Methodology The means that were used to conduct this research will be presented in this chapter. This includes the methodological approach, the research strategy, method of data collection, the sample and quality standards. The methodology is chosen to fulfil the purpose and aim of this thesis. Chapter 4 Analysis Findings The results of the empirical study will be presented in this chapter. The empirical findings will assist in the analysis of results presented in chapter five. The extent by which data analysis done would depend on the amount and quality of data collected through primary and secondary research. Principle objective in such a process of data analysis would be the use of statistical tools wherever required which could include the use of worksheets in excel. This would involve extensive discussion with industry representatives to get an accurate and valuable opinion. Based on the analysis suitable analysis and recommendations would be fixed. Chapter 5 Conclusion The conclusion answers the research question and presents implications for marketers. It answers whether the purpose of the research has been achieved. Chapter 6 Recommendations And Limitations In this chapter the limitations of this research is presented as well as recommendations for future research in online communities References This research has referenced the following reputable sources Literature, Journals, Articles, and Websites Appendices

Alex Hailey :: Biography Biographies

Alex Hailey Journalist, writer. Alexander Murray Palmer Haley was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 11, 1921. He grew up in Henning, Tennessee, and graduated from high school at age 15. Haley studied at State Teachers College in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, for two years, and joined the Coast Guard in 1939. He started out as a mess attendant, Third Class, and in 1952 became the first to hold the title of Coast Guard Journalist. Haley’s friends quickly discovered his writing talent and began requesting his help when writing their own love letters. Haley also used his talents to recount the old tales of sea captains, which turned into his first published story. In the 1950s, Haley served as a public relations liaison, turning run-of-the-mill Coast Guard news into exciting, media-friendly narratives. After 20 years of service, Chief Journalist Haley retired from the Coast Guard in 1959 to pursue his career as a journalist full-time. He wrote stories for Playboy and Reader’s Digest , but his career exploded in 1965 with the publication of The Autobiography of Malcolm X . Haley had interviewed the minister of the Nation of Islam for Playboy, and these conversations expanded into the acclaimed autobiography. Malcolm X died shortly before the collaborative effort went to press. In 1965, Haley resolved to trace the genealogy of his mother’s family. He had grown up listening to his grandmother’s stories about â€Å"Kin-tay,† an African ancestor who was enslaved and shipped to America. Haley embarked on a safari to Juffure, a village in Gambia, to learn more. A local historian was able to tell Haley about his great-great-great-great-grandfather, Kunta Kinte, who was brought to America via slave-ship in 1767. Roots, Haley’s account of his family’s history, was published in 1976, after 12 years of research and creative reconstruction.

Ancient Advances In Mathematics :: essays research papers fc

Ancient Advances in Mathematics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient knowledge of the sciences was often wrong and wholly unsatisfactory by modern standards. However not all of the knowledge of the more learned peoples of the past was false. In fact without people like Euclid or Plato we may not have been as advanced in this age as we are. Mathematics is an adventure in ideas. Within the history of mathematics, one finds the ideas and lives of some of the most brilliant people in the history of mankind's' populace upon Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First man created a number system of base 10. Certainly, it is not just coincidence that man just so happens to have ten fingers or ten toes, for when our primitive ancestors first discovered the need to count they definitely would have used their fingers to help them along just like a child today. When primitive man learned to count up to ten he somehow differentiated himself from other animals. As an object of a higher thinking, man invented ten number- sounds. The needs and possessions of primitive man were not many. When the need to count over ten aroused, he simply combined the number-sounds related with his fingers. So, if he wished to define one more than ten, he simply said one-ten. Thus our word eleven is simply a modern form of the Teutonic ein-lifon. Since those first sounds were created, man has only added five new basic number-sounds to the ten primary ones. They are â€Å"hundred,† â€Å"thousand,† â€Å" million,† â€Å"billion† (a thousand millions in America, a million millions in England), â€Å"trillion† (a million millions in America, a million-million millions in England). Because primitive man invented the same number of number-sounds as he had fingers, our number system is a decimal one, or a scale based on ten, consisting of limitless repetitions of the first ten number sounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, if nature had given man thirteen fingers instead of ten, our number system would be much changed. For instance, with a base thirteen number system we would call fifteen, two-thirteen's. While some intelligent and well-schooled scholars might argue whether or not base ten is the most adequate number system, base ten is the irreversible favorite among all the nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, primitive man most certainly did not realize the concept of the number system he had just created. Man simply used the number-sounds loosely as adjectives. So an amount of ten fish was ten fish, whereas ten is an adjective describing the noun fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon the need to keep tally on one's counting raised. The simple solution was to make a vertical mark. Thus, on many caves we see a number of Ancient Advances In Mathematics :: essays research papers fc Ancient Advances in Mathematics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient knowledge of the sciences was often wrong and wholly unsatisfactory by modern standards. However not all of the knowledge of the more learned peoples of the past was false. In fact without people like Euclid or Plato we may not have been as advanced in this age as we are. Mathematics is an adventure in ideas. Within the history of mathematics, one finds the ideas and lives of some of the most brilliant people in the history of mankind's' populace upon Earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First man created a number system of base 10. Certainly, it is not just coincidence that man just so happens to have ten fingers or ten toes, for when our primitive ancestors first discovered the need to count they definitely would have used their fingers to help them along just like a child today. When primitive man learned to count up to ten he somehow differentiated himself from other animals. As an object of a higher thinking, man invented ten number- sounds. The needs and possessions of primitive man were not many. When the need to count over ten aroused, he simply combined the number-sounds related with his fingers. So, if he wished to define one more than ten, he simply said one-ten. Thus our word eleven is simply a modern form of the Teutonic ein-lifon. Since those first sounds were created, man has only added five new basic number-sounds to the ten primary ones. They are â€Å"hundred,† â€Å"thousand,† â€Å" million,† â€Å"billion† (a thousand millions in America, a million millions in England), â€Å"trillion† (a million millions in America, a million-million millions in England). Because primitive man invented the same number of number-sounds as he had fingers, our number system is a decimal one, or a scale based on ten, consisting of limitless repetitions of the first ten number sounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Undoubtedly, if nature had given man thirteen fingers instead of ten, our number system would be much changed. For instance, with a base thirteen number system we would call fifteen, two-thirteen's. While some intelligent and well-schooled scholars might argue whether or not base ten is the most adequate number system, base ten is the irreversible favorite among all the nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, primitive man most certainly did not realize the concept of the number system he had just created. Man simply used the number-sounds loosely as adjectives. So an amount of ten fish was ten fish, whereas ten is an adjective describing the noun fish.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon the need to keep tally on one's counting raised. The simple solution was to make a vertical mark. Thus, on many caves we see a number of

The Relevance Today of A Jury of Her Peers Essay -- A Jury of Her Peer

In "A Jury of Her Peers," Susan Glaspell illustrates many social standards women experienced at the turn of the century. She allows the reader to see how a woman's life was completely ruled by social laws, and thus by her husband. Glaspell also reveals the ignorance of the men in the story, in particular the sheriff and the county attorney. I think some examples are rather extreme, but in Glaspell's day, they would have probably been common. Women did not have many rights at the turn of the century. What few rights and freedoms they did have were dominated by social standards. They were expected to cater to their husbands' wishes and commands. I think their society oppressed them more often than their own husbands did. A good example of this in "A Jury of Her Peers" is Martha Hale. Lewis Hale treats his wife as an equal privately, but does not treat her as an equal in public. When Mrs. Hale attempts to interrupt her husband as he tells the county attorney what he experienced in the Wright household she does not treat him as a master, but as an equal (Glaspell 260). Clearly she is not afraid of him. Many women at this time would have never even attempted to distract or interrupt their husband while they talked. Clearly defined gender roles are prevalent throughout "A Jury of Her Peers." Men are supposed to work outside of the home, and women are supposed to work inside the home. Neither the men nor the women seem to appreciate the other's wo...

India vs China Essay

1.India and China fight for Super power tag.The two countries meet face to face only at The Himalayas, all other things for comparison will make stand these two countries individually, at their own socio-economic-political-cultural areas. To know who is super power, India or China or two know each areas of strength and weakness, let’s get into the points of concern for both to become super power. Military Strength – Conventional and Nuclear. 2.As two rising Asian powers with high GDP growths and increasing geo-political influence, India and China have been arch rivals in their race to superpowerdom. The race for regional dominance between these two countries has also spawned a race for militarization, with India sparing no efforts to match China’s military might. A comparative analysis is therefore overdue, to see how India and China fare against each other in their military strengths. According to United States DoD (Department of Defense) reports for 2006, China’s military expenditure is estimated to be 80 billion US dollars. However, the official Chinese CPC government quote is a $30 billion military expenditure (which a lot of analysts believe is under quoted). The actual Chinese military capabilities and budget are masked in deep secrecy to prevent foreign countries having an idea of its military might†¦and perhaps to create the strategic advantage of uncertainty. If we were to go by the conservative official Chinese figure of $30 billion, it would put China second only to USA in global military spending. On the other side, India’s official military expenditure for 2006 is quoted at $22 billion by the Min of Finance. India however, does not keep a level of secrecy as cloaked as China does, as its democratic government system requires public accountability. By its official 2006 military budget figures, India stands at 9th position in global military spending. 3. India’s active military personnel numbered over 1,325,000 (approx) while China was significantly higher at 2,255,000. In air defence, China’s PLA (People’s Liberation Army) Air Force has 9,218 aircrafts of which about 2300 are combat aircrafts, operating from its 489 air bases. The Indian Air Force has 3382 aircrafts which includes 1335 combat aircrafts operating from 334 bases and its sole aircraft carrier INS Viraat. The air superiority in China’s PLAAF is maintained by its fleet of Russian Su-30 MK and indigenously built J-10 fighters. Indian Air Force, on the other hand has French built Dassault Mirage 2000s and Russian Su-30 MKI as the best aircrafts in its combat fleet (no indigenous fighters or aircrafts have been deployed by India so far). Indian Navy is the world’s eighth largest navy with a with a fleet of 145 vessels consisting of missile-capable warships, advanced submarines, the latest naval aircrafts and an aircraft carrier in its i nventory. It is experienced both in combat and rescue operations during wartime and peace as seen from its wars with Pakistan in 1971, the December 2004 Tsunami, etc. In comparison, China’s PLA Navy with its fleet of 284 vessels is quantitatively larger but lacking in actual war experience, which could undermine its strategic capability. As of 2007, China has no aircraft carriers in its naval fleet but is slated to build and induct an aircraft carrier by 2010. 4.In strategic nuclear defence and delivery systems, China’s PLA is miles ahead of India’s nuclear forces. The PLA’s stockpile is estimated to have 200-400 active nuclear warheads. In comparison, India’s strategic nuclear force is estimated to have stockpiled about 50-70 nuclear warheads. The most powerful warhead tested by India had an yield of 0.05 megatons which is quite small compared to China’s highest yield of 4 megatons. India’s nuclear delivery system consists of bombers, supersonic cruise missiles and medium range ballistic missiles. Agni 2, India’s longest range deployed ballistic missile is capable of a range of 2500 km, carrying a single nuclear warhead of 1000 kg. In stark contrast, China’s nuclear delivery system is far more capable with multiple warheads (MIRV) ICBMs like DF-5A [12000 km] and DF-4 [7500 km]. It also fields submarine launched SLBMs like JL-2 [8500 km] and strategic fighter bombers like Su-27 Flanker in its nuclear delivery arsenal. 5.Economic theory teaches us that incentives drive decision making by a nation or an individual. In case of India, a democracy with no serious military adversary, its militarisation drive is often overshadowed by internal militancy issues and political struggles. In case of a communist China, it has a powerful military adversary in United States; the conflicts over Taiwan give China a strong incentive to beef up its military defence to counter the US military might. The situation is much similar to that of USSR vs USA Cold War, albeit on a much smaller scale. The end result is China walking far ahead of India in military might with overpowering superiority if both conventional and nuclear forces are taken into account. Population 6.China can be called The big tree of a forest, where plenty of things happen by nourishing other small plants and giving space for generation of more fruitful plants; that is its population. The one child per family policy is about to savor negative implications by large in future, through having more male births to continue their family and to maintain income levels, which leads to less female births, which doesn’t strike a balance between male to female sex ratio, and depicts the clear picture of future possibility to find a girl to sustain its offspring. Another major problem stands at the feet of China is, an unusual increase in the old age population which poses problem to maintain. 7.India being the next tree adjacent to the China in the forest of this world doesn’t have such limit of family members, which contributes more population and makes India the most populated country in the world in a decade span. Of this population, most of the people are below the age of 25 which adds new, promising, young talent to steer the Indian economy smoothly and also maintains female ratio which doesn’t leads to gender imbalance thus assuring working population balance to its best. Predicted to overtake China’s population in a decade, India has oceanic human capital which promises un parallel economy in the world. Education System 8.Education being the cornerstone for any economy, China laid much emphasis and achieved an Adult literacy rate of 94% as provided in World Bank preliminary census for the year 2011. For adult girls it remains at 99% striking a mastered balance in creating requisite opportunities for equal education and employment. Though primary education is much accentuated; secondary education didn’t got much attention especially in rural areas which poses a threat to future skill pool of the country. The major con for China in this area is its inability to produce large number of English speakers per capita. 9.India has an adult literacy rate of 74% and after taking efforts to increase the level of education for women between the age of 15 to 24, it has registered 80% literacy. Several NGO’s, corporate companies and women concerned societies are taking many initiatives for improving the literacy rate. Though urban areas strike a balance in the ratio of education for male to female; rural counterparts couldn’t fare well because of its infrastructural and social problems. One point that India has advantage over china is in the production more number of English speakers per capita with growing literacy rate. Industry 10.China caters for its domestic market with mass production concept in producing the items such as toys, electronic devices, mobiles, T-shirts. Obviously, fast consuming goods are given priority for production which wants a mere copying or imitation in work design rather than innovation. Apart from this China faces challenge to cater for heavy industry for which expertise and skills are needed and ability to serve global clients is the one area at which they dawdle. Recent initiative to kick start in automotive sector has left better chops for china without tasting much success. 11.India focuses on Industrial area to gear up its economy. The high technology steel produced through high spirit in India, has no comparable competitors across the world. Apart from intensified industrial production, IT sector is reined by vibrant skilled youth with wide range of attributes to contribute. As under from the above mentioned areas, it is experiencing advancement in the areas of engineering and services market and is having a consolidated automobile market in terms of production, engineering services, spares and marketing capability. Poverty 12.China has an un parallel history in reducing the poverty through equal distribution of resources, but due the long line it couldn’t be properly rationed which again struggling in the poverty pond that has been posing many non-social evils giving birth to rebellions and undesired effects like prostitution, drug mafia thus leading to HIV AIDS. Of course, there exists a difference between feeding a crow and a lion; but China government was never hopeless to feed the ever growing elephant called â€Å"Poverty† in their country. 13.India’s deeply disturbing social issue which has been deep rooted and chronic in its nature is persistent in its annual record showing no growth or probably negligible. Illiteracy, inaccessibility to safe drinking water, medical facilities and under nourishment is the roots of this ever growing, undesirable, social element. More children per family, crop failure, loss of assets are some points that can be characterized for the rising of poverty in an alarming way; but not given much importance by Indian politicians who spend always their whole time for making the lives of common people much better! Oops! Right or wrong, we have nothing to do, but to follow the flow, because India is a democratic country. Corruption 14.China has shown a remarkable score in corruption which has been deep rooted in government offices and ministries as the adage says failing is not a problem but refusing to stand again shows the difference, China did remarkably well in the crackdown of corruption, by punishing its Supreme ourt former vice-president, Huang Songyou for life time jail with connection to his fraud and bribery offences. That’s what called accountability and the action fills trust to curb corruption in China. 15.India fares worst compared do China, by being more corrupted than China giving a strong competition for which even it doesn’t have any people representative to take accountability to clean the trash left by most familiar corrupted officials and ministers. Neither former Telecom minster A. Raja has been awarded any punishment nor the officials and ministers involved with Common Wealth Games fraudulence and Adarsh Society scandal has been brought totally the under the control of law. The system being totally vicious, will take long time to get itself out from the ever growing poisonous pangs of the most favorite word of our Nethas called as â€Å"Corruption. â€Å" Otherwise it continues to dwell along with other evils that exist in the country. Economy 16.Making an in depth study and analysis of India vs. China economy seems to be a very hard task. Both India and China rank among the front runners of global economy and are among the world’s most diverse nations. Both the countries were among the most ancient civilizations and their economies are influenced by a number of social, political, economic and other factors. However, if we try to properly understand the various economic and market trends and features of the countries, we can make a comparison between Indian and Chinese economy. Going by the basic facts, the economy of China is more developed than that of India. While India is the 12th largest economy in terms of the exchange rates, China occupies the third position. Compared to the estimated $1.209 trillion GDP of India, China has an average GDP of around $7.8 trillion. In case of per capital GDP, India lags far behind China with just$1016 compared to $6,100 of the latter. Agriculture 17.Agriculture is another factor of economic comparison of India and China. It forms a major economic sector in both the countries. However, the agricultural sector of China is more developed than that of India. Unlike India, where farmers still use the traditional and old methods of cultivation, the agricultural techniques used in China are very much developed. This leads to better quality and high yield of crops which can be exported. Liberalization of the market 18.In spite of being a Socialist country, China started towards the liberalization of its market economy much before India. This strengthened the economy to a great extent. On the other hand, India was very slow in embracing globalization and open market economies. While India’s liberalization policies started in the 1990s, China welcomed foreign direct investment and private investment in the mid 1980s. This made a significant change in its economy and the GDP increased considerably. Difference in infrastructure and other aspects of economic growth 19.Compared to India, China has a much well developed infrastructure. Some of the important factors that have created a stark difference between the economies of the two countries are manpower and labor development, water management, health care facilities and services, communication, civic amenities and so on. All these aspects are well developed in China which has put a positive impact in its economy to make it one of the best in the world. Although India has become much developed than before, it is still plagued by problems such as poverty, unemployment, lack of civic amenities and so on. In fact unlike India, China is still investing in huge amounts towards manpower development and strengthening of infrastructure. 20.China mostly depends on Foreign Investments and also gets debts from US for mobilizing the required resources for its production and growth and has modernized its army by seizing civilian lands which has nothing to do with stumbling financial markets. China accelerates its growth by its export driven economy that places good at Balance of Payments, foreign exchange reserve s. 21.India is developing home grown companies to cater to its own and overseas needs and is attracting foreign investment which is offering 20% returns on investment opportunity that is the reason for Japan’s 5 billion dollar investment in industrial corridor in India. Also the takeover tool of Indian companies like TATA, Reliance is zooming growth rate with a handful promise of contribution fostered by government owned companies like ONGC, IOC. Other Areas 22.China has got good infrastructure and a breakthrough for making The fastest train which runs at 430km/hr owns by china strengthens the transportation connectivity and infrastructure is provided ample importance by building vast roads with single way allowance for commutation thus offering more feasibility for trade relations in the country. On the other hand it is employing knowledge people, but some constraints like, non English speaking people has been recently brought into light, for which China government took initiative to train their human capital with enough English to deal with International Business. Conclusion 24.India still being called as a developing country has drastically improved in providing urban infrastructure while the rural community has been neglected showing the cause in terms of economic development through industrial area. Industrial corridors and other innovative action is driving both growth and employment making it a power hub in the future with an abundant human capital both qualitatively and quantitatively.