Drug Trafficking in the United States Research Paper

Drug Trafficking in the United States - Research Paper Example The National Drug Threat Assessment 2011 Report also indicated that Mexican cartels remained the author threat as far as drug trafficking and distribution is concerned, and they are found operating in every region, city, and suburban area of the country. These cartels do not only operate in the streets, but they have also upped their game inside schools, colleges, offices, and U.S prisons. Just like drug-related violence, disorderliness, and crimes, which are on the increase, there have been greater levels of heroin, marijuana and methamphetamine trafficking and use across the U.S/Mexico border (Longmire, 2011). This paper explores drug trafficking in the United States discussing the drug cartels, their countries of origin, their entry routes, distributors, and target markets. The United States’ drug market is perhaps the most profitable and lucrative in the world. That is the reason why it attracts the most belligerent, callous, and intricate traffickers, distributors, and dealers. Dealing with these ruthless traffickers is, thus, one among the many challenges that the U.S government, through its various drug law enforcement agencies such as the DEA, faces. The sophistication and the aggression with which these ruthless drug traffickers execute their operations and evade law enforcers, thus, hinder the efforts of the U.S drug agencies aimed at reducing drug trafficking into and within the U.S, more so border protection operations. The large volumes of people and cargo that enter the United States through commercial and private flights, express cargo carriers, vehicles, and passenger ships pose serious impediments to the war against drug trafficking into and within the United States (Cratty, 2010). It is through these movements into the U.S that sh ipments of drugs such as methamphetamine, marijuana, MDMA.  

Disease Profile Copd Essay Example for Free

Disease Profile Copd Essay Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke also can cause COPD, especially if the smoke is inhaled. Breathing in secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace also can contribute to COPD. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking. ) In rare cases, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may play a role in causing COPD. People who have this condition have low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)—a protein made in the liver. Having a low level of the AAT protein can lead to lung damage and COPD if youre exposed to smoke or other lung irritants. If you have this condition and smoke, COPD can worsen very quickly. Signs and symptoms: The signs and symptoms of COPD include: * An ongoing cough or a cough that produces large amounts of mucus (often called smokers cough) * Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity * Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) * Chest tightness These symptoms often occur years before the flow of air into and out of the lungs declines. However, not everyone who has these symptoms has COPD. Likewise, not everyone who has COPD has these symptoms. Some of the symptoms of COPD are similar to the symptoms of other diseases and conditions. You can find out whether you have COPD. If you have COPD, you may have colds or the flu (influenza) frequently. If your COPD is severe, you may have swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs; a bluish color on your lips due to a low blood oxygen level; and shortness of breath. COPD symptoms usually slowly worsen over time. At first, if symptoms are mild, you may not notice them, or you may adjust your lifestyle to make breathing easier. For example, you may take the elevator instead of the stairs. Over time, symptoms may become severe enough to see a doctor. For example, you may get short of breath during physical exertion. How severe your symptoms are depends on how much lung damage you have. If you keep smoking, the damage will occur faster than if you stop smoking. In severe COPD, you may have other symptoms, such as weight loss and lower muscle endurance. Some severe symptoms may require treatment in a hospital. You—with the help of family members or friends, if youre unable—should seek emergency care if: * Youre having a hard time catching your breath or talking. * Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray. This is a sign of a low oxygen level in your blood. ) * Youre not mentally alert. * Your heartbeat is very fast. * The recommended treatment for symptoms that are getting worse isnt working. Diagnostic Procedures: Your doctor will diagnose COPD based on your signs and symptoms, your family and medical histories, and test results. He or she may ask whethe r you smoke or have had contact with lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust. If you have an ongoing cough, your doctor may ask how long youve had it, how much you cough, and how much mucus comes up when you cough. He or she also may ask whether you have a family history of COPD. Your doctor will examine you and use a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or other abnormal chest sounds. You also may need one or more tests to diagnose COPD. Lung Function Test: Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood. The main test for COPD is spirometry. Other lung function tests, such as a lung diffusion capacity test, also may be used. Spirometry; During this painless test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath in. Then, youll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer. The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out. Your doctor may have you inhale medicine that helps open your airways and then blow into the tube again. He or she can then compare your test results before and after taking the medicine. Spirometry can detect COPD long before its symptoms appear. Doctors also may use the results from this test to find out how severe your COPD is and to help set your treatment goals. The test results also may help find out whether another condition, such as asthma or heart failure, is causing your symptoms. Other Tests Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as: * A chest x ray or chest CT scan. These tests create pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The pictures can show signs of COPD. They also may show whether another condition, such as heart failure, is causing your symptoms. * An arterial blood gas test. This blood test measures the oxygen level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an artery. The test can help find out how severe your COPD is and whether you may need oxygen therapy. Treatment – Medical/Nursing: COPD has no cure yet. However, treatments and lifestyle changes can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease. Quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Other treatments for COPD may include medicines, vaccines, pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab), oxygen therapy, and surgery. Your doctor also may recommend tips for managing COPD complications. The goals of COPD treatment include: * Relieving your symptoms * Slowing the progress of the disease * Improving your exercise tolerance (your ability to stay active) * Preventing and treating complications * Improving your overall health Specialists Involved To assist with your treatment, your family doctor may advise you to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating people who have lung disorders. Medicines Bronchodilators Bronchodilators relax the muscles around your airways. This helps open your airways and makes breathing easier. Depending on how severe your disease is, your doctor may prescribe short-acting or long-acting bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4 to 6 hours and should be used only when needed. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day. Most bronchodilators are taken using a device called an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go right to your lungs. Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your health care team to show you the correct way to use your inhaler. If your COPD is mild, your doctor may only prescribe a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator. In this case, you may only use the medicine when symptoms occur. If your COPD is moderate or severe, your doctor may prescribe regular treatment with short- and long-acting bronchodilators. Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids) Inhaled steroids are used to treat people whose COPD symptoms flare up or worsen. These medicines may reduce airway inflammation. Your doctor may ask you to try inhaled steroids for a trial period of 6 weeks to 3 months to see whether the medicine helps relieve your breathing problems. Vaccines Flu Shots The flu (influenza) can cause serious problems for people who have COPD. Flu shots can reduce your risk of the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu shot. Pneumococcal Vaccine This vaccine lowers your risk of pneumococcal pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah) and its complications. People who have COPD are at higher risk of pneumonia than people who dont have COPD. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get this vaccine. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulmonary rehabilitation, or rehab, is a medically supervised program that helps improve the health and well-being of people who have lung problems. Rehab may include an exercise program, disease management training, and nutritional and psychological counseling. The programs goal is to help you stay more active and carry out your daily activities. Your rehab team may include doctors, nurses, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, exercise specialists, and dietitians. These health professionals work together and with you to create a program that meets your needs. Oxygen Therapy If you have severe COPD and low levels of oxygen in your blood, oxygen therapy can help you breathe better. For this treatment, youre given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask. You may need extra oxygen all the time or just sometimes. For some people who have severe COPD, using extra oxygen for most of the day can help them: * Do tasks or activities, while having fewer symptoms * Protect their hearts and other organs from damage * Sleep more during the night and improve alertness during the day * Live longer Prognosis: COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is a disease of the lungs that develops over many years and gradually gets worse with time. When you have COPD your airways become persistently blocked, which can eventually make breathing difficult. More than 12 million Americans have been diagnosed with it, and another 12 million might have COPD without knowing it. COPD encompasses two diseases commonly caused by smoking: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It’s the fourth leading cause of death in the U. S. But while COPD cant be cured, there are steps you can take to improve symptoms, prevent complications such as pneumonia, and improve your quality of life. Just like people living with heart disease, people with COPD can make changes to their lifestyle to vastly improve how they feel and function each day. Here are five important measures to discuss with your doctor:Â   1. Stop Smoking Cigarette smoking is the most significant reason that people develop COPD. While kicking the habit wont return your lungs to normal condition, it will delay progression of symptoms because the rate of decline of lung function returns to that of nonsmokers. In susceptible people, smoking accelerates the lung function decline of aging. Your lungs will age faster, and if you stop smoking, you go back to normal aging, says Gail Weinmann, MD, deputy director for the Division of Lung Diseases at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Its also a good idea to avoid crowds during flu season. Because COPD leaves a person more prone to pneumonia, patients also should talk to their doctors about also getting the pneumococcal vaccine, Weinmann says. 4. Seek Regular Medical Care and Take Medications as Directed Your doctor can prescribe drugs, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, to treat your symptoms. Bronchodilators, which are usually delivered through an inhaler, relax muscles around your airways. This, in turn, opens them up and eases breathing. Inhaled corticosteroids fight inflammation in the airways. Patients with COPD frequently have other health problems, too, such as heart disease, vascular diseases, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD), and type 2 diabetes, Weinmann says. People with COPD are likely to have other diseases, and its important that they treat all of their diseases. In fact, heart disease and COPD share overlapping symptoms, which can lead people to mistakenly attribute heart disease to lung disease. According to Weinmann, these shared symptoms include shortness of breath, including breathlessness when exercising or waking up at night, and sometimes a sensation of chest tightness. 5. Consider a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program and Learn to Exercise Your doctor may suggest a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Such programs wont actually improve lung function, but they can help people with COPD to stay more active and independent. Youll learn exercises to strengthen your arms and legs, as well as exercises that aim to strengthen muscles for breathing. Pulmonary rehab includes a variety of exercises for the lower and upper extremities, as well as breathing techniques and counseling, Weinmann says. Some patients feel reluctant to join a pulmonary rehab program, but Weinmann encourages them to try it. Once the lung is damaged, it doesnt really ever repair itself, so its very important that individuals stay in good shape in every way that they can. Its very common for patients with COPD to become deconditioned. Its hard for them to breathe, so the tendency is to not do anything at all. Reconditioning their muscles and their heart can make them feel a lot better. Some p atients feel that they have greatly benefited from it [rehab], she adds. It has improved their quality of life and their exercise ability. You have to keep at it. Its not something that you can do once.

Science At the Wheel: Driving into the Future of the Environmental Move

Science At the Wheel: Driving into the Future of the Environmental Movement Science has been able to approximate that the human race has existed for only 400,000 years on this 4.56 billion year old planet. Yet in its brief history humanity has had a far greater impact than any other species. Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, the rate and complexity of this impact has only increased. With such profound influence on our environment must come greater responsibility. Scientists, as the leading explorers in this new age of technology, share an important part of this responsibility. Their innovations have shaped the world to be what it is today, and it is their research that will be the foundation for tomorrow. Science provides the vehicle that will drive society into the future. Science explores, observes, and explains the world around us. It both finds and attempts to solve problems with the ultimate goal of benefiting society. The health of the environment is increasingly associated with the well-being of society. Therefore, the problems of industria l and agricultural pollution have to be a priority for the scientist. Science has played a major role in creating this modern problem and therefore must now take the lead in solving it. Having identified the pollution problem initially, scientists more fully understand the extent and severity of this problem. The correlation between cancer and pesticides was identified and continues to be studied by biologists and physicians. It is chemists who have been called to classify the 20,000 Superfund sites and to report on toxic chemicals seeping into homes, schools, and drinking water. Scientists, in general, have studied and stressed the importance of ecosystem diversity... .... Rifkin, Jeremy. "Apocalypse When?" New Scientist. 31 October 1998. Safina, Carl. "To Save the Earth, Scientists Should Join Policy Debates." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 6 November 1998: A80. Satchell, Michael and Betsy Carpenter. "The Disaster That Wasn't." US News and World Report 18 September 1989: 60-69. Soloman, Wendy. "Horsehead subpoenas termed typical tactic." Allentown Morning Call, March 31, 1998. Van Dyne, Larry. "Thank God for the Country Boys; Ten Miles From the White House, Government Scientists Are Working to Bring You a Greener Lawn, Juicier Peaches, Leaner Pork, and Other Wonders." Washingtonian. August 1992. Verrengia, Joseph. "Weapons against pollution? Poplar trees drink up toxins." Seattle Times. (September 30, 1998) http://www.seattletimes.com/news/nation-world/ntml98/altopopl 093098.html. Seattle Times webpage.

Articles of Confederation Essay

During the fight for their independence, Americans were trying to create a new republican government. Their desire was to have a political system in which the majority of the power would come from the people rather than from a supreme authority. As a result, the Articles of Confederation was formed and adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777. In the years of 1781 to 1789, the Articles were put into action and gave limits powers to the national authority, Congress. However, the Articles of Confederation in its critical period, 1781 to 1789, had severe weaknesses in its legislative branch, voting powers, powers of Congress, and states’ sovereignty which led to debts, problems with expansion and unity, and lack of change, development, and representation. Unlike the fore coming Constitution, the Articles of Confederation only had a legislature branch with limited powers which brought forth problems dealing with amendments, taking important measures, and state representation. The Articles stated that each state would have one vote and have between two to seven representers. This would become a problem for many delegates taking long journeys to Congress which would lead to a lack of representation from states like Georgia and Maine. Often seasonal weathers would delay or hinder representers to arrive and cast their votes. In addition, in order for important measures to be placed into action, at least nine of the states had to approve of it. Due to states’ different interest and way of sustaining its people, agreements were hardly made by the majority. Many states had different opinions and voiced out different ideas which contradicts other. This lack of approval by at least nine of the states led to a lack of change. In addition, any amendments like increasing central power and dealing issues involving slaves and women would have to be approved by every state. Similar to approving important measures, states would often disagree on certain circumstances which results in few or none amendments made. Therefore, many aspects of the legislature branch and states’ voting power have weaknesses and led to many problems. In addition to having one branch of power, Congress’s, the only  establishment of national authority, lack of power led to heavy debts, depression, and Shay’s Rebellion. Congress’s power included waging wars, managing foreign relations, and borrowing and issuing money. However it was not allowed to regulate commerce, raise and maintain an army, and levy taxes on the people directly. Although Congress made formal requests, involving troops and taxes to the state, it was frequently refused. This lack to power caused America to go into a postwar depression, inadequate money supply, and inability to pay back debts it owed to foreign nations. In addition, Congress owed money to its soldier from selling war bonds. Depressed and frustrated veterans joined forces under Daniels Shays in Massachusetts and set of demands that consisted of paper money, tax relief particularly from state, relocation of state capital, and ending of imprisonment for debt. As a result of these problems, many Americans started to notice the flaws and imperfections of the Articles of Confederation. In addition, each state of America had almost all of its sovereignty and decision making which increased a lack of national unity and problems with expansion, the West, and foreign relations.

Global Financial Crisis Essay

The Global Financial Crisis can be studied from many different perspectives. Most of the consequences are already being analyzed, and even though new events may still take place; these consequences have impacted, and if not yet detected, they will impact our Society, our Culture, old and new technologies, the commercial and industrial sector and overall our value systems and ethical standards. Global warming is the major issue that would impact Technology, Society and Culture and have an important effect upon our ethics. Most of us expected a great reaction from the biggest economy in the world because the level of consciousness about global warming, had motivated many politicians to act upon it, the financial sector was already in a position to invest in it, and many industrial sectors had made the decision to participate in what could have been called â€Å"The Green Adventure†. â€Å"It took a great war, and all the military industries that fed the carnage, to bring America out of the Depression. But to a surprising degree, the world economy has been riding the strength of its hottest sectors ever since. By the 1990s, it was the rise of the Internet and the network economy, which collapsed in the dotcom bubble and gave way to housing and the financing that paid for it. In each of these recent cases it was the market that discovered and promoted a new engine for growth—creating millions of jobs and trillions in profits worldwide. Between 1996 and 2000, the technology sector created 1. 6 million new jobs, according to Moody’s Economy. com—roughly 14 percent of new U. S. job growth. In this decade, the financial sector accounted for a lion’s share of U. S. corporate profit, while housing accounted for a staggering 40 percent of new U. S. job growth. Now, those two stalled drivers are leading producers of unemployment: Goldman Sachs, the royal house of finance, announced a 10 percent staff cut last week. The world, simply put, needs a new economic driver, a new hot growth industry. † A lot of funds are being invested in the green technology activities like in its research and development, even though the oil prices are reducing and the economic crisis seems to take longer than expected. Whether such investment measures will yield the anticipated success is not a subject that can be experimentally tested. A number of business organizations have been reported to have made huge investments in the green technology, even though there seems to be minimal improvements. As the current economic crisis demand numerous investments to rescue the economy, concerns are being raised on the resources which are being dedicated at rescuing the environment. These concerns are raised while considering the fact that the continued economic crisis could divert the attention of the organizations and the governments in sustaining effective green technologies. Some of the efforts which are being made by the business organizations and the governments include the trade in the carbon market, which seeks to reduce the carbon emissions. On the other hand, the governments are offering stimulus packages for offering support to the financial institutions, which have promoted the carbon trading investments. In a number of occasions, the policies which seek to achieve a sustainable environment seem to take a back seat, when the global economy experiences financial difficulties. International organizations like the United Nations are devising strategies, which seek to reduce the level of carbon emissions through the utilization of the renewable sources of energy. This research paper will make an analysis of the green technologies and its impact on the global economy. A number of benefits of the green technology has been analyzed, besides the measures that the various governments and organizations are taking in reacting to sustain the environment. Going green and fossil fuel In the 1990’s fossil fuels accounted for 85% of the U. S energy use, and today fossil fuels are still the prime movers of industrial life. (Griffin, PG. 2) Although fossil fuels have contributed to global warming the U. S has continued to use it, because of its cheap availability; however, in the recent years it has become scarcer and more expensive. (Griffin, PG. 2) In the 1990’s the U. S oil supply climbed to 17 million barrels a day; however with domestic oil declining the U. S has opted to now import roughly 50% of its crude oil & petroleum. (Griffin, PG. 2) As the war continues between the U. S and Iraq the price of oil will continue to rise, and the U. S may need to look into alternative energy. Although the U. S has always had the spending power to burn through resources such as oil and fossil fuels; the current economic crisis is an opportunity for the U. S to become more green and learn that alternative energy can be more affordable in the long run and definitely safer on our environment. Every economic crisis brings opportunities for the U. S to get out of their comfort zone and really do something to move the U. S forward. Alternative energy will be more affordable and will help during the economic crisis. The U. S’s dependency on oil imports has been a concern for years, and now with the economy in bad shape the U. S can take the opportunity to look into moving towards alternative energy. Unlike oil & fossil fuels solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower energy are reusable and will not bring an issue of scarceness. One of the issues with our current use of oils & fossil fuels is that they have become scarce and therefore, a concern arises with the U. S dependency. Reusable energy will eliminate that threat and the cost benefits in the long run will improve. We do not need to buy sun power to use solar energy, nor do we need to buy the air to get wind energy. The cost to switch to these new systems may be expensive to start, but the maintenance will be more cost efficient than importing oil at the amounts we do and at the current cost. (FT Business, PG. 1) Wind is a favored sub-sector in the BlackRock portfolio because it is affordable, low carbon, and scalable power generation technology of choice. (FT Business, PG. 1) Wind accounts for the largest share of new generation capacity installed in the US and Europe in 2007, respectively at 30% and 40%. (FT Business, PG. 1) Ed Guinness co-manages Guinness Asset Management’s Dublin-domiciled says it is not only the cost of fuel that is driving up electricity prices, but also increases in the raw materials needed for construction. (FT Business, PG. 1) He also stated that prices of oil, gas and coal are all increasing tremendously and so are the construction costs of power plants, stating it now costs twice as much to make electricity from new-build gas turbines than it did one year ago making wind and solar energy highly competitive. (FT Business, PG. 1) With that said it is now in the times of economic struggles that America should make change that will be benefited in the years to come. Some manufacturers, such as, agriculture, food processing, metal refining, paper manufacturing and the chemical industry have switched to alternative energy to join the â€Å"Green† campaign that has been moving through the world for years. (Katz, PG. 16) The main alternative energy the manufacturing applications have used is electricity and thermal energy. (Katz, PG. 16) James Lee, an associate professor in the Golisano Institute for Sustainability at the Rochester Institute of Technology, stated that manufacturing companies are working in both of these areas to reduce consumption and expand the use of alternatives to fossil fuel. Many manufacturers are investing in combined heat and power (CHP) systems that produce both electricity and heat for their manufacturing processes. CHP systems increase energy efficiency by making better use of the energy. Using a CHP system also enables companies to produce electricity directly from alternative fuel sources such as biofuels, hydrogen and solid municipal waste. (Katz, PG. 16) Unlike Solar and wind energy, thermal energy is not really a natural resource, but still more cost efficient and less risky to be dependent on than oil & fossil fuels.

Vortigern - Early British Leader

Vortigern - Early British Leader This profile of Vortigern is part ofWhos Who in Medieval History   Vortigern was also known as: Guorthignirnus, Gurthrigern, Wyrtgeorn Vortigern was noted for: Inviting the Saxons to help him fight northern invaders, essentially opening the door to a significant Saxon presence in England. Occupations Roles in Society: KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: England Important Dates: Declares himself High King of Britain: c. 425Dies: c. 450 About Vortigern: Although many legends have sprung up concerning Vortigern, he was probably an actual historical figure. He is mentioned in On The Ruin of Britain, History of the Britons and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. In the uncertain decades following the withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain, Vortigern emerged as a strong leader of the Britons, and dared to declare himself High King. When he faced attacks by Picts and Scots in the north, he followed a common Roman imperial practice: he invited Saxons to come to England to fight the northern invaders in return for a grant of land. This reportedly did not go over very well with most of the British, who disliked sharing their lands with Saxon interlopers, and things got worse when the Saxons rebelled and fought against Vortigern. According to the Historia Brittonum, the rebellion ended when the Saxons killed Vortigerns son Vortimer and massacred many British nobles. Vortigern subsequently granted the Saxons lands in Essex and Sussex, where they would build kingdoms in the coming decades. Vortigerns role in facilitating Saxon access to England was remembered with bitterness by British chroniclers. Scholars using British sources to understand Vortigern must take great care in evaluating them, especially when those sources were created several centuries after the events in question. More Vortigern Resources: Post-Roman Britain: An Introduction   Vortigern on the Web A Clerical Portrait of Vortigern?An examination of the recorded view of Vortigern by Michael Veprauskas at the Early British Kingdoms website.The Vortigern Studies HomepageAn initiative based in the Netherlands, dedicated to the study of the period between the Roman occupation of Britain and the Early Middle Ages Dark-Age Britain Whos Who Directories: Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2007-2016 Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is  not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please  contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/vwho/p/who_vortigern.htm

The Management Planning of Halliburton

The Management Planning of Halliburton PAGE PAGE 6 The Management PlanningThe Management Planning of HalliburtonIraida LomuscioUniversity of PhoenixMgt 330:/ Theory, Practice, and ApplicationAugust 18, 2007The Management Planning of HalliburtonIn order for a company to achieve its optimum level of profit, planning needs to be the most integral part of management. Halliburton is one of the largest corporations in the United States and is one of the world's largest providers of products and services to the oil and gas industry. Management's responsibility is to set up and implement procedures through which the company can achieve maximum potential. This will only be possible when management asserts and adheres to a diversified, well planned business strategy.Halliburton is an oilfield service company and provider of engineering and construction services. Halliburton was founded in 1919 and has proved it is a solid foundation, yet it only has grown tremendously within the last few years when two new divisions were formed: t he Energy Services Group (ESG) and Kellogg Brown and Root KBR).Seen in Duncan, Oklahoma the Original Home of Hall...This profitable change is a direct result of the merger with Dresser Industries in 1998. In 2001 Halliburton recorded a record 13 billion in profits.(Halliburton,2007,p3) The Energy Services Group offers a wide range of products and services to upstream oil and gas customers worldwide, ranging from the manufacturing of drill bits and other down hole and completion tools and pressure pumping services. KBR, on the other hand, is the engineering subsidiary for Halliburton and is a global leader in construction and project management. Additionally, KBR is a leading government service contractor, which subsequently has been the focal point of many legal and ethical issues.After an extensive audit by the Justice Department it was revealed that KBR overcharged the US government by $27.4 million and used that money to...

What You Need to Know About the Weak Force

What You Need to Know About the Weak Force The weak nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces of physics through which particles interact with each other, together with the strong force, gravity, and electromagnetism. Compared to both electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force has a much weaker intensity, which is why it has the name weak nuclear force. The theory of the weak force was first proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933 and was known at that time as Fermis interaction. The weak force is mediated by two types of gauge bosons: the Z boson and W boson. Weak Nuclear Force Examples The weak interaction plays a key role in radioactive decay, the violation of both parity symmetry and  CP symmetry, and changing the flavor of quarks (as in beta decay). The theory that describes the weak force is called quantum flavourdynamics (QFD), which is analogous to quantum chromodynamics (QCD) for the strong force and quantum electrodynamics (QFD) for the electromagnetic force. Electro-weak theory (EWT) is the more popular model of the nuclear force. Also Known As:  The weak nuclear force is also referred to as: the weak force, the weak nuclear interaction, and the weak interaction. Properties of the Weak Interaction The weak force is different from the other forces: It is the only force that violates  parity-symmetry (P).It is the only force that violates charge-parity symmetry (CP).It is the only interaction that can change one kind of quark into another or its flavor.The weak force is propagated by carrier particles that have significant masses (about 90  GeV/c). The key quantum number for particles in the weak interaction is a physical property known as the weak isospin, which is equivalent to the role that electric spin plays in the electromagnetic force and color charge in the strong force. This is a conserved quantity, meaning that any weak interaction will have a total isospin sum at the end of the interaction as it had at the beginning of the interaction. The following particles have a weak isospin of 1/2: electron neutrinomuon neutrinotau neutrinoup quarkcharm quarktop quark The following particles have a weak isospin of -1/2: electronmuontaudown quarkstrange quarkbottom quark The Z boson and W boson are both much more massive than the other gauge bosons that mediate the other forces (the photon for electromagnetism and the gluon for the strong nuclear force). The particles are so massive that they decay very quickly in most circumstances. The weak force has been unified together with the electromagnetic force as a single fundamental electroweak force, which manifests at high energy (such as those found within particle accelerators). This unification work received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, and further work on proving that the mathematical foundations of the electroweak force were renormalizable received the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Controlling Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controlling Global Warming - Essay Example By implementing a set of clean energy initiatives at federal state and local levels, the US could reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by about 20 percent. The following are a few steps that could help towards controlling climate change. First create opportunities to lower emissions in many ways possible. Over the past decade, large resources have been channeled towards creating inclusive climate and energy laws at federal level. These legislatives will for good reason be crucial to generate emission reduction required to keep the US and other countries across the globe on track to curb the effects of climate change. However there are several extra opportunities to reduce emission using current federal laws and the chances presented by action at local and state levels. Certainly, time and again grand policy action by local and state governments has led to a precedent for great action at federal level, Murray & Burnett. (2009). Furthermore, as explained below local and state awareness campaigns can include citizens in means that the federal laws cannot achieve. Within appraise conditions these policies cannot offer real emission decline . Another strategy to control imminent global warming is to bring together the environmental community and new partners; forming partnerships with individuals who might not portray themselves as environmental specialist. There main concern might not be climate change. In reality it means concentrating on awareness campaigns for clean energy use and creation of sustainable economies and communities. There is no prospect in this approach for policies that create extreme environmental damage. Whether in terms of hazardous nuclear energy, mountaintop removal coal extraction and badly managed hydraulic fracturing for innate gas. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, (2010) energy

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Discussion - Essay Example In health promotion, wherein about 9 other concepts can be identified (Disu, K.M. and Wooden, D.J., 2012) stated in values and beliefs, SDLC has led to the creation of computer systems that give patients the option to tap their skills, resort to their love for freedom and privacy, and their voluntary decision to seek answers for themselves whenever possible. It makes them feel better to call for a nurse only if they don’t understand what to do in various situations. A virtual nurse had been developed. In wanting to know more about the medications they are taking, at what time, dosage, and for what purpose, patients can be taught to simply type the word â€Å"Medicines† after they log into their account, so that they can view more details about their purpose and the contra-indications. Thus, another concept within health promotion is served – the concept of empowerment. In the other meta-concept which is caring, SDLC can be tapped by allowing the patients to voluntarily submit feedback that can be saved in their database. Patients themselves or the authorized relatives may assist in faster recovery by way of reporting favourable or unfavourable feedback which the doctors can view during their visit. Questions can also be raised anytime if patients are allowed to simply communicate their thoughts with the help of a computer. In fact, SDLC can provide doctors with real time biological response and allow them to become more aware about developments with the patients. Such updated awareness can result in providing initiatives that can show better care and

DB Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB Assignment - Essay Example The medical staff must be vigilant in providing both medical and nursing services being careful not compromising the patients dignity through deliberately ignoring the patients information and by extension causing harm to the patient Medical malpractice entails failure to provide care as stipulated by the codes of professional ethics in both nursing and medicine. For example, Rob Burton who was a basketball coach developed severe abdominal pain after his training session. He sought medical care at Norton Brownsboro Hospital; a nurse who did not carefully to obtain relevant subjective information regarding his pain attended to him. She did not get detailed information on the nature of illness leading to a misdiagnosis. Evoking a complete patient history through questioning and active listening in most cases saves time alongside offering critical clues to the diagnosis. Rob was given some oral antibiotics as treatment to his pain that proved ineffective; he was later admitted in the same hospital with acute diverticulitis that was approaching its fatal stage. He underwent an emergency surgery to prevent further complications of the condition. He was found with a perforated bowel and it was compulsory that a colost omy bag was to be fixed to aid egestion. Rob took this act of misdiagnosis as a form of negligence and sued the hospital for not according him the required care. It was considered a case of medical malpractice since the nurse did not take his case seriously and she did communicate as a team. Burton believes had his complain of abdominal pain been treated with seriousness he would not have undergone the surgery that left him uncomfortable with the colostomy bag. The fault lies with the nurse not communicating the patients complain as well as not considering patients complain as crucial in providing care. In treating dizzy patients, 90% of the cases are treated

Gay Lesbian Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gay Lesbian Parents - Essay Example That reality suggests that the children of gay and lesbian couples can experience healthy and normal psychological development were it not for societal tendencies towards discrimination, on the one hand, and the innate tendency of children to react negatively to uniqueness, or difference, on the other (Ahmann, 1999). In other words, while homosexual parenting does not, in itself, limit a child's capacity to undergo a normal psychological development process, the fact that it unfolds within societies which, despite public statements to the contrary, are innately protective of the traditional family structure and biased against same-sex families, detrimentally impacts the child's opportunities for healthy development. Through a review of the arguments on either side, the research shall attempt to prove the stated argument. Western societies, despite the prevalence of laws upholding homosexual rights tend towards negative conceptualisations of homosexuality. The anthropologist, D. Gilmore (1990) asserts that societal acceptance of sexual orientations is ultimately defined by the prevalent culture and cannot be dictated by laws. Insofar as Western societies, whether as a consequence of historic or religious traditions, define homosexuality as a practice which falls from without the bounds of normalcy, if not outright abnormal, it is inherently incapable of comprehending the possibility of children of same-sex parents as anything other than underprivileged. The fact that this is not necessarily the case and that the aforementioned perception is ultimately predicated on the dominant culture's perception of homosexuality as abnormal is validated by evidence which effectively proves that cultures which perceive of homo and hetero-sexuality as equally normal, have no prejudices against the concept of same-se x parenting (Gilmore, 1990). In other words and as further emphasised by Halwani (2002), culture dictates perceptions of homosexuality and, as a result, invariably affects the children of same-sex couples. The fact that culture, concomitant with traditional definitions of marriage and family, inexorably influence perceptions of the stated relationship and, as such impact the psychological development of the children concerned, is evidenced in a plethora of commentary on the phenomenon. The law, for example, clearly defines marriage and the family unit which is subsequently formed as a "union of man and woman uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family" (Johnston, n.d.). Religion, similarly defines marriage and family, consequently maintaining same-sex unions and families to be a harmful deviation from the norm with incalculably detrimental psychological effects on the children concerned (Richardson, 2004). In other words, there exists a predominately negative perception of the same-sex family unit insofar as culture, religion and the law combine to define it as abnormal. That in itself will limit the possibilities of healthy psychological development for children with gay or lesbian parents. Psychologists have determined the existence of a strong likelihood, as evidenced by empirical fact, that children who grow up with same-sex parents can

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately Essay

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately - Essay Example This paper explores the evidences that increasing social problems may lead to large increases in the annual cost of public elementary and secondary education in Fentress County Tennessee. The paper also determines the current expenditures per pupil in Fentress County, three surrounding counties, and the state per pupil expenditure average. Response to question one. Increasing social problems could cause massive increases in the annual cost of public secondary and elementary education. Social problem involves social issues that may plague the system of education. For example, emotional, ethical, gender, economic, and cultural issues are some of the social problems in education. The major effect of these problems on education has always been to increasing the cost of education (Brimley, Rulon, Garfield, et.al. 2008). For instance, economic issues increase the cost of education by making the government give out financial support to families with low income, give scholarships, and run th e education programs. This leads to a high cost of maintaining education in the secondary and elementary levels of education. According to the Fentress County Tennessee, the average cost of educating a child placed in a public school was more than six thousand dollars ($7,436) for one year (Brimley, Rulon, Garfield, et.al. 2008). Of this annual amount, a huge percentage of funds are typically allocated to activities of teaching. This is an area where the effects of social problems are realized. The cost due to behavioral problems is approximately 65% or about $ 4,833. Even though, the other sections of the school like supervision and administration could also be affected by social problems, the annual figure of the teaching portion of education, in this case, was used in the calculation. As per a research conducted by the Public Agenda research group in Fentress County Tennessee, 45% of school teachers reported that they normally spend a significant part of their time to manage the behaviour of their classroom thus making them to spend a little time in teaching (Brimley, Rulon, Garfield, et.al. 2008). This implies that, for every ten teachers, four of them spent over 55% of their principal classroom time on dealing with social problems of the learners. In terms of finances, the impact cost of a statistic like this one is 55% of $4,833 which is equal to $ 2,658. This is the amount of finances that is wasted on the management of social issues for every child per year. A study conducted on a number of schools in Fentress County Tennessee, having different school size, reported a massive education cost due to managing social problems in the school (Brimley, Rulon, Garfield, et.al. 2008). From this study, a table (Table1) was drawn to display the cost impact of social problems on education. Table 1: Cost impact of social problems management in Fentress County District schools. School Size Cost impact of social problems management on education based on the percent o f time spent. 25% 30% 50% 250 $328,563 $394,275 $657,125 400 $525,700 $630,840 $1,051,400 500 $657,125 $788,550 $1,314,250 650 $854,263 $1,025,115 $1,708,525 800 $1,051,400 $1261,680 $2,102,800 1000 $1,314,250 $1,577,100 $2,628,500 The table (Table1) shows out the cost effect of managing the behaviour of students in the classroom. When observed keenly as a percent of the time lost out of approximately 180 days (a school year), the figures are disturbing. Number of school days lost due to social problems m

Gay Lesbian Parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gay Lesbian Parents - Essay Example That reality suggests that the children of gay and lesbian couples can experience healthy and normal psychological development were it not for societal tendencies towards discrimination, on the one hand, and the innate tendency of children to react negatively to uniqueness, or difference, on the other (Ahmann, 1999). In other words, while homosexual parenting does not, in itself, limit a child's capacity to undergo a normal psychological development process, the fact that it unfolds within societies which, despite public statements to the contrary, are innately protective of the traditional family structure and biased against same-sex families, detrimentally impacts the child's opportunities for healthy development. Through a review of the arguments on either side, the research shall attempt to prove the stated argument. Western societies, despite the prevalence of laws upholding homosexual rights tend towards negative conceptualisations of homosexuality. The anthropologist, D. Gilmore (1990) asserts that societal acceptance of sexual orientations is ultimately defined by the prevalent culture and cannot be dictated by laws. Insofar as Western societies, whether as a consequence of historic or religious traditions, define homosexuality as a practice which falls from without the bounds of normalcy, if not outright abnormal, it is inherently incapable of comprehending the possibility of children of same-sex parents as anything other than underprivileged. The fact that this is not necessarily the case and that the aforementioned perception is ultimately predicated on the dominant culture's perception of homosexuality as abnormal is validated by evidence which effectively proves that cultures which perceive of homo and hetero-sexuality as equally normal, have no prejudices against the concept of same-se x parenting (Gilmore, 1990). In other words and as further emphasised by Halwani (2002), culture dictates perceptions of homosexuality and, as a result, invariably affects the children of same-sex couples. The fact that culture, concomitant with traditional definitions of marriage and family, inexorably influence perceptions of the stated relationship and, as such impact the psychological development of the children concerned, is evidenced in a plethora of commentary on the phenomenon. The law, for example, clearly defines marriage and the family unit which is subsequently formed as a "union of man and woman uniquely involving the procreation and rearing of children within a family" (Johnston, n.d.). Religion, similarly defines marriage and family, consequently maintaining same-sex unions and families to be a harmful deviation from the norm with incalculably detrimental psychological effects on the children concerned (Richardson, 2004). In other words, there exists a predominately negative perception of the same-sex family unit insofar as culture, religion and the law combine to define it as abnormal. That in itself will limit the possibilities of healthy psychological development for children with gay or lesbian parents. Psychologists have determined the existence of a strong likelihood, as evidenced by empirical fact, that children who grow up with same-sex parents can

Multiprocessing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiprocessing - Assignment Example The symmetrical architecture allows the idle processor to process the information and does not allow the busy processor to process the information or task. Symmetrical multiprocessing architecture is often known to be rapid and most commonly utilized architecture regarding the multiprocessing. If one processor in the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture fails the other processors remain intact and the processing continues (Hagersten & Hill, 2001). Master slave multiprocessing architecture makes one of the processor to dominate all the other processors. The information is first received by the master processor that assigns the task to the other processor or resend the information to the idle processor. The master slave multiprocessing architecture is a bit more complex as compared to the symmetrical architecture. If the master processor fails, the entire processing system fails. All tasks are assigned by the master processor to the other processors in the master slave processing architecture (Lyonnard, Yoo, Baghdadi & Jerraya, 2001). In the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture, the Random Access Memory (RAM) remains the same for all the processors in the architecture. The RAM remains dedicated to one processor at one time, which is involved on the processing phenomenon. The system maintains the priority of certain tasks makes the RAM dedicated to the most valued and important tasks. In the similar manner all the processors in the symmetrical multiprocessing architecture share the memory, input and output devices, interrupts systems and other relevant system resources (Lyonnard, Yoo, Baghdadi & Jerraya, 2001). On the other hand, in the master slave multiprocessing architecture, inputs and outputs, memory, etc is directly controlled by the master processor. Common examples of the symmetrical multiprocessing architectures are the dual core processors made by Intel and other companies (Hagersten & Hill, 2001). Hyper threading is often associated

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay Example for Free

Ethics Dilemma Paper Essay ETHICS DILEMMA PAPER One of the most difficult things in the criminal justice field is related to ethics in the criminal justice profession. Whether it being a corrections officer, police officer, or a judge. The main goal is to ensure you as a professional are making the right decision for the greater good and that it falls within the guidelines that are set before you in the laws that have been written. In the recent dilemma that occurred in Broward County on February 19, 2014 is an example of an ethics dilemma in the criminal justice field that happens much too often. I will explain to you the nature of the dilemma, the ethical/unethical decision that was made, the outcome of the situation, and suggest some alternative courses of actions that could have taken place instead and why. NATURE OF THE DILEMMA On February 19, 2014 a Broward County Sheriffs deputy of 20 plus years on the force conducted a traffic stop of a vehicle traveling unlawfully in the HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lane. Once the deputy had the vehicle stopped he was informed by the woman in the drivers seat that she was recording him conducting the traffic stop. Once the sheriffs deputy gained knowledge of  this he proceeded to force his way into the womans vehicle trying to grab her phone, then pulling her out of the vehicle and dragging her onto the ground causing injuries in several places as another deputy stood by with his gun drawn. All the while this was going on he continued to yell at her stating she was committing a felony and telling her I know the law better than you , and placing her under arrest. The ethical dilemma this situation brings forward is: was the actions taken by this deputy really necessary and justified on an ethical basis? (Miller, 2014). ETHICAL DECISION MADE In this particular situation an unethical decision was made based on the circumstances of the incident at hand. The deputy was committing a crime (felony) himself by unlawfully forcing his way into her vehicle, and detaining her against her will for a crime she did not commit. All for a simple civil infraction (driving in an HOV lane), that could have been handled in a totally different and professional manner. This was the only law the woman was breaking at the time, and the only probable cause the deputy had to go on for the actions that he took. OUTCOME OF THE SITUATION Once the dust settled upon this unfortunate situation, the deputy assumed and thought that the woman was breaking the law by recording the audio and video of the deputy. He assumed that he had to give the woman permission to audio record him. Unfortunately to his disadvantage the Florida courts ruled upholding a expectation of privacy provision (Silverman, 2012) to their all-party law, which the courts ruled does not apply to on-duty police (or anyone in public), as long as you are not interfering with them in conducting their duty. In this particular case the deputy appeared to be uneducated in this revision to the law that the law enforcement agency clearly neglected to educate its department on. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION/ WHY According to the situation at hand some of the alternative courses of actions that the deputy could have taken and the woman that was being stopped could have been drastically different. Ethically speaking the deputy could have not taken his actions to the extreme that he did all over the simple recording violation that he thought the woman was committing. His life was not in danger nor was there any indication of any physical threat coming from the woman. The deputy totally handled that situation in a very unprofessional and unethical manner. On the other hand the woman could have easily been justified in using deadly force on the deputy if he was not a law enforcement officer. She would have been justified well within the guidelines of Floridas Justifiable Use of Force law considering he unlawfully forced his into her car and violently dragged her out. Fortunately for him he was a law enforcement officer or he could have been killed. Another course of action for the sheriffs deputy and the department could have been to properly educate themselves and their officers of the most current laws regarding these types of situations. In addition to making sure each and every deputy gets a refresher course on the necessary use of force procedures every few years. CONCLUSION In conclusion of this ethical dilemma situation, what I can draw from this is several things. One being always treat people in a way I would like to be treated unless circumstances dictate otherwise; it is the right and ethical action to take. Sometimes we just do not get that luxury of doing such an action when dealing with certain types of people and situations and yes certain actions are necessary. Always take the time to educate yourself on certain laws or information you are not sure of before acting on what you think may be correct. Just like the famous saying, Ignorance of the law is not an excuse, and this is very true but it does go both ways for law enforcement and the public. References Miller, C. (2014). Photography is not a crime. Retrieved from http://photographyisnotacrime.com/2014/02/19/broward-sheriffs-deputy-violently-attacks-woman-recording-traffic-stop/ Silverman, S. (2012). Reason.com free minds and free markets. Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2012/04/05/7-rules-for-recording-police

Properties and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Properties and Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles AVINASH YALAMANCHILI   History One of the meaning of nanotechnology shows research and invention technology at the macromolecular levels with a length size of roughly 1-100 nm in any measurement. The creation and utilization of structures, gadgets, and frameworks which have hardcover properties because of their tiny size. The unexpected development of nanoparticles along these lines do not come under what we meant. It is assessed that today almost 320 tons per year of nano silver are delivered. Around 120 years back, in 18th century, M. C. Lea who   identified and explained the union of a citrate stabilized silver colloid and from this we come to know that the normal breadth for the particles are in the area around 7 and 9 nm and in addition to that   the adjustment of nano silver using proteins has been described from over 1902 and Other nano silver arrangements were additionally developed in the following years, for instance the gelatin settled silver nano particles were officially   licensed by the name M oudry in 1953.It is hard to note that the innovators who invented the nano silver definitions grasp decades back that the suitability of the innovation required nanoscale silver and to satisfy these rules the silver must be scattered in such a way that the particles of colloidal measure under less than 25 and right now there are numerous items which uses both the silver and silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have been united into a range of cellulosic materials, for example, filter paper, cotton texture, and cellulose gels. Silver and some other metals have been utilized for some particular length of time to store consumable water, and the antibacterial properties of follow amounts of these metal are well-known. The surface zone of the most part is more famous than the bulk metal and is more bioactive when it is seen as a result. Silver nanoparticles have been utilized already in water filtration applications. Silver nanoparticles will be nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. Even though we call some as silver some are prepared out of a huge rate of silver oxide because of their vast proportion of surface-to-mass silver iotas. Various states of nanoparticles can be built relying upon the current application and the most commonly use are circular silver nanoparticles yet precious stone, octagonal and thin sheets are known to be popular. The prope rties of silver nanoparticles which are fit to human medicines are under scrutiny in research center and creature thinks about, evaluating potential, ability to work, harmfulness, and other expenses. structure and synthesis In physical procedures, metal nanoparticles are by and large blended by evaporation and condensation, which could be done utilizing a tube heater at climatic weight. The source material inside a watercraft focused at the heater is vaporized into a transporter gas. Nanoparticles of different materials, for example, Au, Pbs and fullerene, have beforehand been created utilizing the vanishing procedure There is developing enthusiasm for using the optical properties of silver nanoparticles as the utilitarian part in various items and sensors. Silver nanoparticles are known to be productive at discarding and scrambling light and, not at all like many colors and shades, have a shading that depend mostly   on the size and the state of the molecule and strong correspondence of the silver nanoparticles with light occurs in light of the way that the conduction electrons on the metal surface experience a total faltering when empowered by light at specific wavelengths Known as a surface plasm on reverberation, this wavering outcomes in unusual solid dispersed amount and control of some   properties. silver nanoparticles can have powerful control cross segments up to ten circumstances bigger than their physical cross area. The strong scattering cross region considers sub 100 nm nanoparticles to be satisfactory with a routine amplifying instrument and when 60 nm silver nanoparticles are l it up with white light they appear as unbelievable blue point source scatters under a diminish field amplifying instrument. The blue shading is relied upon to a SPR that is peaked at a 450nm wavelength. A property of roundabout silver nanoparticles is that this SPR best wavelength can be changed from 400 nm to 530 nm by changing the particle assess and the area refractive rundown near the atom surface. Substantially greater developments of the SPR peak wavelength out into the infrared area of the electromagnetic range can be expert by conveying silver nanoparticles with the plate shapes Characterization electron magnifying lens was mostly utilized to choose the size, shape and the dispersion of size   of the silver nanoparticles. Setting up of tests are done by setting a drop of working arrangement and that are over a carbon-covered standard copper framework working at 80 kV. FT-IR examinations were completed on a Bruker Equinox 55 Spectro photometer. Silver solution was inspected as In order to prepare the silver-nanoparticles ,the things which were used are known to be   AgNO3   arrangement and CTAB, separately, as a metal salt antecedent and a balancing out operator. Aniline arrangement was additionally utilized as a diminishing operator. The straightforward dull response blend containing AgNO3 + CTAB was changed over to the trademark light yellow shading after the expansion of a required arrangement of aniline. The presence of shading was clearly identified as the development of silver nanoparticles. Transmission regular by customary technique like under some specific circ umstances by using a thin kbr pellet. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are critical for their conduct, bio-dispersion, security, and adequacy. In this manner, portrayal of ag nanoparticles are essential so as to assess the useful parts of the integrated particles. Portrayal is performed utilizing an assortment of logical methods and in which includes UV-vis spectroscopy, X-beam diffractometry, Fourier change infrared spectroscopy, X-beam photoelectron spectroscope, dynamic light disseminating , checking electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy , and nuclear drive microscopy . A few eligible books and surveys have clearly exhibited the standards and using of different sorts of explanatory strategies for the portrayal of Ag nanoparticles; like in such a way as, the nuts and bolts  Ã‚   of the essential systems utilized for the portrayal of Ag nanoparticles are in a situation that they are   beneath for simplicity of of their capability. For instance, portrayal of Ag nanoparticles utilizing d ifferent systematic procedures arranged from culture crystallizing of Bacillus species and UV-Vis spectroscopy is the most critical method and the least complex approach to affirm the development of nanoparticles. This is how the silver nanomaterial characterization looks like from various techniques Mechanical properties: A standout amongst the most widely recognized systems of silver nanoparticles antibacterial movement mostly depends on their basic partiality for holding that is available in cysteine, which is called a building piece of the protein bacterial cell divider and so the enzymatic capacity of proteins are offensive and the chain of cell breath is interfered. In the meantime some different compounds and dehydrogenase are crushed. It has been assessed that silver nanoparticles are more powerful against Gram-negative microorganisms, which is identified with contrasts in the development of cell dividers of both gatherings of microscopic organisms. Advantages and disadvantages: These are used in conductive Coatings as Silver nanowires can be utilized to give conductive coatings to straightforward conduits and adaptable gadgets and also used as Plasmonic Antennas in such a way as Metallic nanoparticles connected to silver nanowires work as reception apparatuses improving plasmonic action for detecting and imaging applications   and coming to Sub-atomic Sensing, these are Single layers of silver nanowires have been utilized to build exhibits for particle particular detecting in conjunction with Raman Spectroscopy. Silver nanoparticles have been utilized broadly as hostile to bacterial specialists in the wellbeing business, nourishment stockpiling, also used in material coatings for different metals and various ecological applications. It is vital to note that notwithstanding of many years of utilization, the proof of presence of poisonous quality of silver is still uncertain. Items made with ag nano particles have been endorsed by a scope of authorize bodies. The danger of using nanoparticles of silver to people is for the most part low and in the most cases very low and also it can be seen if enough care is not taken. Skin contact with materials containing silver is one of the fundamental ways individuals are presented to silver nanoparticles . At the point when all is said in done, buyer things release simply little measures of silver, not realizing important prosperity impacts. Nano particles are known to be devoured by the skin. Broken skin, or skin with cuts and wounds, may offer climb to less complex and facilitate absorption of nanoparticles into the circulatory framework and translocation in the body Uses: Silver Nano particles have applications in finding out and treatment of cancer and are medication transporters which are very useful, which are utilized as a part of eye watch over which covers contact lenses. likewise, the utilization of silver nanomaterials in mix with vanadium oxide in battery cell segments is one case of cutting edge silver nanotechnology which also deals in battery execution in cutting edge dynamic implantable therapeutic gadgets. Silver nanoparticles also used in dental instruments and gauzes very much. Furthermore, joining nanoparticles in endodontic filling materials gave a fundamentally improved hostile to bactericidal and dental glues are likewise exceptionally powerful against streptococci without any influence on the glue mechanical properties, accordingly empowering their utilization in orthodontic medicines. Environmental effects: Silver nanomaterials, for instance, can disintegrate to shape silver particles in a particular arrangement and these are viewed and believed to be as nontoxic to people at sensible fixations however can influence the development of fish incipient organisms. The development of ionic silver is not just reliant or depend on the built properties of the nanomaterial but they are also even when it comes to size and shape and in addition to that subject to changes from ecological introduction. The utilization of antibacterial silver nanomaterials in items like toys or any types of materials   made people worried about that like as they may have some poisonous nature that may effect skin or like by smell. Especially materials like nanoparticles may look extreme dangerous and this is because of their nature. On the other side the techniques and the modifications done to them which affect their natural behavior but it also helps in holding their properties of antibacterial techniques. In water treatment plants these nano silver particles were found in sewage slime,and in which it shows that   these particles must enter the water framework. But in any of these cases anyway they are not clear. A number of particles may connect in the soil and they may dissolve in the soil and some may not and in some cases, these particles may have the chance to stay in surface water and after that they may consume by the living organisms or it may slowly dissolve in it. References: Li, W. R; Xie, X. B.; ..Shi, Q. S.;, Zeng.., H. Y.;, Ou-Yang, Y. S.; Chen, Y B. Appl Microbiol.. Biot.echnol. 2010, 85(4), 1115-22. Korbekandi H, Iravani S. Silver nanoparticles, the delivery of nanoparticles. In: Hashim Abbass A., editor, ISBN: 978-953-51-0615-9, InTech; 2012. C. Krish.naraj, E.G. Jaga.n, S. Rajase.kar Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens M. Gondwal, G.J.N. Pant Biological evaluation and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Calotropis procera Hussain SM, Hess KL, Gearhart JM, Geiss KT, Schlager JJ. In vitro toxicity of   the silver nano particles   in BRL 3A rat liver. cells. Toxicol In Vitro www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2015/624394/ www.beyondpesticides.org/programs/antibacterials/nanosilver/environmental-effects

The Importance of Budgeting and Long Range Financial Goals :: essays papers

The Importance of Budgeting and Long Range Financial Goals Me, being a financial independent have experienced first hand how important it is to keep a financial plan. Using a financial plan I have elevated my savings abilities a long way. Knowing where each dollar is being spent helps the spender to manage each dollar in an uplifting way. In a ten-year plan my goal would have to be to save at least twelve hundred dollars a year which would one hundred dollars each month of that financial plan. Using the persona financial profile assigned by you at the beginning of the year this long-term goal would be possible. Being in college, managing money is very important. Keeping a portfolio and an account of all money spent is a very important step in my keeping my financial situation in good terms. Becoming in debt is another concern of mine. Debt includes, credit cards loans, store credits accounts, or any other form of borrowing money. A large amount of students make the mistake of purchasing things that they have no money for. This is why credit is so bad for students. A personal financial plan is only possible if the independent is focused on what he or she is doing. You have to account for each dollar and not cheat yourself. The importance of budgeting all depends on the independent. If the independent is focused on saving and accounting for their money then it will work! It is needed in each college student’s life. Being in college makes it extra difficult to decipher what you are doing with your money. A greater percentage of students that have used this type of financial program have been successful rather than those, which don’t account for the money that they spend. Having a long-range financial goal can help you all throughout life.

Most recently computers Essay

Art is indefinable because of its constant evolution. This evolution has taken place because art inherently has an aspect of human contribution and, therefore, is subject to progression in ways as numerous as its very creator’s changes. There are two main reasons that illustrate the fact that art is indefinable. These reasons are that art has a changing role in society, and that the various production methods of art endlessly transform. The first of the reasons is crucial because it shows that art, as a result of the human artist, will necessarily change when its human maker changes. This is what allows for art to have a specific time setting in which it will have a particular meaning and importance. Thus, because of the infusion of an artist into their art, the piece will in some degree convey a glimpse of a changing social environment. This environment may never be relevant again after that specific point in time, indirectly illustrating history and change. The second reason for illustration again focuses on how the involvement of procedural evolution does not allow for the permanent defining of art, in this case in regards to the applied art production methods. Most recently computers have revolutionized some forms of art. It has also created a new movement through the application of technology in new and unique ways to the creation process. If art had been permanently defined prior to this new use of computers it would have stifled what has become a new and exciting branch of art, and as a consequence could have limited future productions from unimagined advancements. An inflexible and permanent definition of art as a result of the aforementioned reasons is detrimental to the progression of art that is crucial to its very continuance. And as a result of this constant evolution art is indefinable.

Science Teaching: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Science Teaching: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Science instruction can take on many forms. From the lecture hall, to the laboratory there are a variety of ways science can be taught. This essay explores the historical events and changes that have effected science education and made it what it is today and where it may be heading in the future. (Martin, 2009) Science education was created to share scientific data and events with students who are not part of the scientific community but benefit from scientific understanding. It is a way to make students scientifically literate about general concepts that pertain to scientific discovery. Elementary science education usually includes the subject areas of physical, life, earth, and space sciences. (Martin, 2009) The early days of science education began in the United Kingdom near the end of the 19th Century. Decades later the push for science education reached the United States. In the US science was taught in a somewhat disorganized manner until it was standardized in 1890. Following standardization, science curriculum slowly evolved without a great deal of mainstream excitement and focus until the 1950’s with the dawn of the space age. After the Soviet Union’s Sputnik program successfully launched several objects into space the United States became painfully aware that they were behind in science technology. From this point on in true American fashion the desire to compete on the world stage became the driving force for scientific discovery, specifically a race into space. This awareness that the United States had some catching up to do in order to rival the advances of other countries inspired support for higher quality science programs in classrooms across America in hopes that a crop of science- minded students would emerge. Martin, 2009) With the new focus on science education came billions of dollars to fund it. Educators were given the materials to teach ever-changing scientific concepts as well as the tools to provide a hands-on experience to students in the form of laboratories and field studies. Because discovery was changing at a rapid pace, science curriculum during this time was based on concrete scientific theory rather than the latest discoveries. The main goal was for students to gain a general understanding of science and to inspire students to become inquisitive and scientifically minded. Martin, 2009) Science teachers of the past and present share a common responsibility. They must convey a positive attitude about the subject of science to their students. Science teachers must present materials in and interesting, factual and creative way. They must engage their students in hands-on experiences. Teachers must give students the sense that they are able to gain an understanding of the world of science and build upon it to add to their knowledge. Teachers must make scientific understanding obtainable for students, sparking future inquisition and research. Martin, 2009) The ability for students to understand general sciences and beyond is a necessity. In the modern world, students will be required to use scientific information as they make choices on a daily basis. Also, students who are scientifically literate benefit from their ability to discuss, in an informed manner, many of the scientifically based issues the world community faces. Additionally, students will use scientific literacy in an ever-demanding workplace environment where they will be required to think creatively, solve problems, reason, and make decisions. National Academies Press, 1996) The science curriculum of today is moving in the direction of making students of the Unites States competitive on a worldwide stage. With technology changing at an extremely rapid pace it is essential that American science education prepare students to stay on pace with advances as well as forge new paths in the science of technology. Also, the sciences that focus on the natural Earth have taken center stage as the world addresses issues like global warming, and the availability of natural resources. In an article that promotes the new National Science Education Standards it is proposed that new American standards â€Å"will require major changes in much of this country's science education. The Standards rest on the premise that science is an active process. Learning science is something that students do, not something that is done to them. †Hands-on† activities, while essential, are not enough. Students must have â€Å"minds-on† experiences as well. † (National Academies Press, 1996) Today’s science curriculum should continue on their current path and focus on technological science and physical science. Although the space sciences are still fascinating, given the current needs for the United States to lead the world community in other areas it important that the most relevant sciences receive the most focus. References Martin, D. J. (2009). Elementary science methods: A constructivist approach (5th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. National Academies Press. (1996). National science education standards: An overview. http://www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=4962&page=1

Common Core and the effects on America

Language Learners Since being introduced in 2010, forty-four States have now adopted the Common Core State Standards Initiative. This initiative provides standards in English, Language Arts and Math. Every child in a public school will be expected to meet each standard for their grade level In these areas. These standards are designed to guarantee that every child In America will be on par with each other. They use the example In their 3 minute video about a child In Seattle who has an A In his English class but would be receiving a C in a public school in Chicago(understandingCommon Core). These standards are also designed to insure that American youth are graduating high school with the ability to compete with other nation's graduates worldwide. So not only do American school children need to compete with their national peers but they are also competing on a global level (Common Core). Professor E. D Hirsch In an excerpt from his book â€Å"On Cultural Literacy† discusses h ow cultural literacy is the only way for Impoverished children to rise above their lot In life.Part of his assumptions are that every American child needs a basic foundation, such as the subjects proposed by Common Core, to be provided by the American Education system. Hirsch argues this foundation will ensure every child is culturally literate,†only by accumulation of shared symbols, and the shared information that the symbols represent, can we learn to communicate effectively with one another in our national community† (36). This statement Is based off of the assumption that all Americans speak the same language (Bezel 661). This Is simply no longer true.Between 2010-2011 there were 4. 7 million English Language Learners (ELL) in the American School system (Fast Facts). Unlike No Child left behind act, Common Core acknowledges that they cannot define and meet every need that ELLS have in order to learn the language being used by Common Core on the same level as their p eers (English Standards 6). Without going in-depth into the standards, the most accessible Information on the website Is specific on how to accommodate special needs children, but for ELLS all the standards say Is â€Å"It Is possible for every child to meet the standards†(6).This paper will address the potential effects of Common Core on ELLS, by using the proposed effects of both Common Core supporters and Common Core posers. There is a lack of public information as to how these state standards are going to affect English Language Learners (ELL), there needs to be more focus on how state standards and federal tests are going to accommodate the growing number ELLS. In 2001 the Bush administration Implemented the No Child Left Behind act. (UNCLE). Under Title Ill in UNCLE it was clearly stated how ELLS were to receive special attention.It allowed for extended time on test and occasionally for the test to be administered in the learners own language. These methods were not eff ective cause ELLS were still testing twenty to thirty percent lower than their English proficient peers. UNCLE required schools to break their students Into subgroups one testing in comparison with their English proficient peers. For ELLS the test was not only used to gauge their progress in that particular subject but also their progress in English proficiency.Not surprisingly the ELLS were doing significantly worse on their English and language arts test than on Math and Science. A glaring fault of UNCLE was that once a child began to test on the same level as their English proficient peers hey were removed from the ELL subgroup and expected to keep succeeding without the extra accommodations. These ideas were implemented without there ever being proof they would work. Abide and Tilted finish their 2004 Winter report for CREST with the statement, â€Å"For a goal to be within reach of all schools, at least one school should have already attained it.To date we have yet to see a sc hool with a sizeable ELL population that meets the 2014 UNCLE requirements†. (5) In preparation for the continued rapid growth of the ELL population, which according to a TESTS brief is errantly approximated at 6 million, Common Core broke down English proficiency expectations into four categories (4). An independent study conducted by Stanford defined the four categories are reading, writing, speaking and listening, and language (3,5-7). Reading requirements are designed to make sure students can read and comprehend complex text across all subjects.Writing standards ensure students are prepared to research, analyze and argue. The need for speaking and listening is to ensure that every student has the ability to understand and articulate orally their ideas and arguments and the arguments of others. Finally the language requirement refers to grammar; in the paper the authors students need to understand that English is â€Å"as much a craft as a set of rules†(7). This pap er argues that according to the standards, language will tie the four brackets together (7).The opposition to Common Core is that Common Core will force teachers to teach to the test. Ritual standardized testing increases pressure on students to find the right answer instead of encouraging learning and independent thought (Hawkins). According to New York City teacher Katie Alphas in a letter to Carmen Farina, ELLS articulacy in grades third through eighth are â€Å"encumbered with standardized testing. † Here is a quote from a resignation letter by former Colorado Springs English teacher Pauline Hawkins â€Å"l am supposed to help them think for themselves,†¦ Instead, the emphasis is on Common Core Standards and high stakes testing that is creating a teach to the test mentality for our teachers, and stress and anxiety for our students. † This anxiety is increased when a student is not only being tested on their comprehension of the material but also their comprehe nsion of the English language. The majority of teachers who oppose Common Core want less regular testing and a more diversified way of evaluation. Common Core is moving fast. For most teachers they are being required to rewrite curriculum to match standardized testing, which is binge implemented in some states as early as April 2014.In particular for ELLS in grades third through eighth, who have been in the country for a year or less they are allowed one exemption from a test. After that they are required to test to the level of their English proficient peers. There is an extra time allotment for ELLS UT as Katie Lymphoma states in a blob post titled Battling the High-stakes Testing Beast: from NAPE to NYSE, â€Å"the state has generously offered to give you extended time (time and a half) on the tests; instead of 90 minutes per day for six days (3 days for testing day. That's a total of 13. 5 hours! Hours upon hours of testing for a fifth grader who is working twice as hard to com prehend the test does not seem like the right answer. Lymphoma in the same post discusses how she as their teacher does not have access to the test results only the scores of her students. To summarize searchers are required to conform curriculum to the tests. The same test where they are not allowed to see which material their students failed on. The ELLS are exempt from only one test in the entirety of their schooling. During the testing ELLS could spend up to twelve plus hours a week testing.According to the association of Teaching English to Speaker of Other Languages (TESTS) and an independent Stanford Study, Common Core will present significant challenges to ELLS but will also provide an education that will offer them the same opportunities as their native English speaking peers. When Common Core was first developed English Language Proficiency Development (ELOPED) Standards were left up to the individual states. Starting in 2012 Common Core recognized that a standard for ELOP ED would need to be developed. In 2012 the Council of Chief State Officers produced a basic framework for states to use when adapting their ELL standards.They also hired the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers and Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium to prepare the assessment test prototypes. According to TESTS on testing â€Å"[the tests will] be administered by computer, both consortia are exploring technology-based accommodations, such as pop up glossaries and captions for audio. To ensure the widest accessibility to the test items† (7). By using measures such as extra glossaries and captions it should take some of the pressure off the students.Common Core firmly states that only by regular standardized tests can teachers and the rest of the education community truly understand what students are learning. The Framework for English Language Proficiency Development Standards corresponding to the Common Core State Standards and the Next Generatio n Science Standards is vividly clear in that they do not force schools to adopt a curriculum. Instead they simply provide what information students are expected to master at every grade. There is no proposed curriculum or any specific standards to guide teachers.The Framework along with Common Core has yet to address what will happen if a child can not meet the standards. UNCLE clearly defined that if a child failed, then the school would be required to use [article title] funding to provide the student the ability to travel to a school where they could get better education. Diana Rancidity in her article with the Washington Post poses the same question what will happen to students who fail. How much funding will go to provide tutoring? What will the repercussions be for teachers whose students are not meeting the standard? Will schools who consistently fail the standards be closed?These are Just some of the many unanswered questions raised by Common Core for ELLS. The Framework ans wered some questions, like which type of questions students are supposed to be able to answer by each grade, what type of thinking process they should have mastered and what kind of tests they should be able to pass. No one on either side of the issue is making light of the extra struggle the ELLS re going to have on top of the rigorous workload of an English proficient student. Those who are pro Common Core firmly state that by going through the Common workforce or further education.Whether that statement is true or not has yet to be seen. Only time and testing will prove whether Common Core is truly beneficial to ELLS. The facts state that there are approximately six million ELLS in the American public school system today. Until we have a working ELL program that has proven results it is counter productive to expect those students to perform well on the Common Core tests. The government is in the awkward middle ground of some of the information being released without enough inform ation to determine whether or not the program's success is even plausible.

Analayze Excel Spreadsheet on Italian Goverment Term Paper

Analayze Excel Spreadsheet on Italian Goverment - Term Paper Example Increased production of goods and services in an economy does benefit the standards of living and wellbeing of the citizens in some ways but not always. This is because GDP does not give a clear answer of essential questions such as whether the people are consumption much on the wrong things, or whether people have better quality consumption or whether the savings are too little (Miles and Andrew,56). Additionally, the GDP does not measure elements of wellbeing that are not related to government consumption and financial income: longevity, leisure time, social equality, capabilities, quality of education and many others. This paper tries to analyze the correlation relationship that exists between GDP and government consumption, and between GDP and government bond yield. The GDP and government consumption relationship appears to be in the sense that even though Gross Domestic Product is calculated using numerous measures, government consumption on its part is the single most vital com ponent. In most countries the government consumption exceeds 50% of the GDP while in some this could go beyond 70%. In Italy for instance, government consumption is considered to be the main statistic on which it relies while calculating the GDP. Several studies reveal that the most important relationship between GDP and government consumption is that an increase in the level of consumption results to an increase in the level of the GDP (Miles and Scott, 13). Government consumption is a broad Macroeconomic element hence it is necessary to divide into several components in order to get the real picture of its correlation relationship with the GDP. The consumption of durable goods refers to nonperishable goods and goods that last for a period of more than three years, while on the other hand nondurable goods are the goods consumed for perishable goods or other goods that generally last for less than one year. A country’s treasure is the most impacted area within the economy whe n taking about the bond market (Schaefer, 65). Most economists argue that the most appropriate way in trying to understand the relationship between the bonds and the economy is to think about interest rates as being the cost of money (Taylor, 21). A stronger economy is characterized by high demand of money because greater activity means that there is more of need for cash that can help in financing projects. Theoretically, stronger economic growth makes inflation likely. The Italy Federal reserve is more likely to fight inflation through boosting the interest rates (Miles and Andrew, 77). A projected increase in the interest rates could mean long-term rates could be expected to follow and the vice versa (Schaefer, 112). While all section within the bond market takes their cue for treasure in an ultimate way, government bonds are seen as being the safest investment globally. The long term relationship between bond yields and macroeconomic fundamentals can break down in the short run, particularly during financial stress periods. For instance, after the 2007-08 global crises and despite the pilling up of general government debt in the USA, the United States bonds yields have been trending downwards (Schaefer, 90). On the other hand, borrowing costs in some European countries such as Spain, despite a relatively lower initial level of general debt, have continuously exceeded those of more highly indebted nations such as the UK

SAMSUNG electronics (public relation) Research Paper

SAMSUNG electronics (public relation) - Research Paper Example Statement of the situation: Samsung needs to improve its public relations in order to increase the sales of its new products and to maintain its brand image. Since there are a large number of subsidiaries to Samsung electronics, appropriate public relation strategies are needed in order to resolve potential problems. Samsung always tracked the latest technologies and moved accordingly. The company’s status varies from field to field. Samsung has never looked back since it has entered into DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory business in 1983. Despite of being dominant over other electronics companies existing today, the company always adopts policies, which can lift their reputation among the people. Its current policy of emphasizing on innovations is mainly encouraged by the future situations. The company is well alert on the matter of future downfall due to a fierce competition from the Chinese electronic manufactures in the field of memory chip making and electronic devices due to their policy of aggressive market expansion and low manufacturing cost. Therefore Samsung electronics need to have a strategic public relations plan, which will improve the company’s brand image. Since there are many branches and networks operating all over the world, the company can’t ensure the better working conditions of each of its employees. This can cause disinterest among employees towards the company’s goals and this will affect the public relations management of the firm negatively. Key strategies: The key strategies of Samsung’s new policy in improving public relations are: To be able to gain trust among the people so that they are always ready to depend on the company’s technologies spontaneously and without much effort from the company’s side. To be able to promote its name to increase the sales to considerable amount. This is not a difficult task keeping in mind that they are the dominant force in the market. To concent rate mainly on the changes that are required to withstand the future crisis basically from rivals as well as customers preferring other brands. To ensure better relationship with the consumers, by providing them the facilities they require. Strategic objectives: To achieve 100% customer satisfaction so that customers feel that Samsung’s latest technology is better than any product of the other companies. This will improve the public relations of Samsung electronics. To achieve 100% employee satisfaction. This is one of the best methods in improving public relations, that is, by gaining complete support from the employees. Having a strong commitment to the public as Samsung has invested in a sustainable electronics recycling program by teaming up with Global Electric Electronic Processing (GEEP) Key publics: Customers: As the main feature in any business organization is its customer, customers should be well aware of the new policies of the company. Since it is dominating over the electronics device departments, there will not be any lack of trust among the customers. The present customers that we have are more than satisfied with Samsung electronics and this paves a new way for the future prospective customers. With

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Essay Example The seven wastes include motion; transportation; waiting time; overproduction; inventory; processing time; and defects. Other common wastes are energy; untapped human resources; and by-products. Motion and transport are related to layout; organisation; and engineering. Waste arises as motion and transport does not always result in useful work. In the current case study, motion and transportation includes rearrangement of storage areas that are temporary before and after manufacture or product components; and movement associated with searching fixtures, jigs, tools, equipment, materials, etc. Movement allows an opportunity for product damage during handling and movement; poor space utilisation – large distances between stages or large gangways or storage areas; higher labour cost from low productivity; large batches waiting for transport – large inventories, long leadtimes, low responsiveness. Waiting time, overproduction and inventory are related to scheduling; setups; communication; quality; skills; reward systems; breakdowns; and layout. Waiting time could be caused by material; machine; or labour. Lack of material could be caused by scrap; breakdown; poor schedule; or poor supplier. Machine unavailability could be caused by breakdown; setups; large batches; or unavailability of tools, jigs, fixtures, etc. Skills shortage, absenteeism, or operating or supervising more than one machine could cause skill shortage. Overproduction could be a case of too much or too early. Too much is when there is more production than needed. This could be caused by setups that are long, improper scheduling for EOQ, or inadequate design of processes. Too early includes production earlier than required. This could be caused by lack of machine capability, subcontracting of operations, long in-process delays, or long leadtimes. Overproduction could also be caused by unbalanced material flow; cushion storage; safety storage; and lot delays.